Analysis of Plato´s Republic - 974 Words

Republic, perhaps Plato’s most famous work focusing on justice and its values, is also home to Socrates’ unique ideas and the challenges that he faces throughout his dialogues with other philosophers. Nevertheless, justice is not the only topic that Plato examines in his work. In the Republic, a simple discussion of the justice and the different characteristics of cities, escalates into a discussion about the souls of individuals. Socrates starts out by offering an agreement to the fact that since cities are made of individuals, their characteristics can also be found in individuals. From his writings, Plato exemplifies most of Socrates’ arguments towards the development of his own arguments. One very famous theory developed by Plato from†¦show more content†¦Though Socrates attempts to define the three parts of the soul in detail, he is faced with some challenges. Socrates seems unsatisfied with his discovery, as he questions himself whether these parts work individually, or together, each controlling an appropriate portion of the soul. In order to find an appropriate explanation to his question, Socrates brings an example of a soul desiring a drink, and a soul that is desires to get a drink. He claims that although driven by the same desire of thirst, these are different. However, the souls can never desire completely opposite things at the same exact time. For example, if one part of the soul wants a drink, and the other part desires to get a drink, the third part cannot forbid itself from taking a drink. Aside from defining the different parts of the soul, Socrates also needs to prove that the souls can be viewed as having virtues, just like the cities. The city originated by Socrates in the theory is a entirely good city. In his words, â€Å"it is wise, courageous, moderate and just† (Republic 4.427d). Socrates presents each virtue (wisdom, courage, moderation, and justice) in the city. Now, he is determined to show t hat the same virtues exist within individuals. Consequently, Socrates proves that justice is comfort for the soul and henceforth beneficial to the soul. (444c–445a). Socrates divides sets each virtue where he believes they belong. He claims thatShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Plato s Republic1412 Words   |  6 PagesIn Plato’s Republic he has many examples of rhetoric. In regards to the controversial topic of women and eugenics in which Plato is almost forced into mentioning because of Adeimantus and Glaucon, he uses various rhetorical statements to portray his view on the matter. His readers believe women should be equal, so Plato attempts to persuade his readers into thinking he believes the same. For example, in the passage on women and family Plato states, â€Å"we shall assign these to each accordingly; butRead MoreAnalysis Of Plato s Republic And The Letter Of The City Essay1328 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment 1 Within Plato’s Republic, are various theories and ideas about justice and if it something that is just in itself. This essay is meant to shine light on three of the key concepts – (1) He has succeeded in Thrasymachus’s challenge, (2) being just provides more happiness than being unjust, and (3) the letter of the city is irrelevant and does not help his case. Thrasymachus’s theory is that there is no benefit to being just and that benefit would only com to the powerful. However,Read MoreAnalysis Of Plato s Republic : The Definition Of Justice Essay986 Words   |  4 Pages In Plato’s Republic, Socrates begins a debate on the definition of justice. It starts off as a simple discussion on what justice means to some people. Eventually the discussion moves on how justice comes about it in an ideal city. Socrates eventually comes to the idea that an ideal city must have four virtues. These virtues happen to be: courage, wisdom, moderation, and justice. However, the only two virtues that applies to the city as a whole is justice and moderation. Whereas, courage is associatedRead MoreAnalysis Of Plato s Republic And Aristotle s Politics1375 Words   |  6 PagesMercedes Chien Dr. Joel Klein Contemporary Civilization 2 November 2015 Family in Political Society Plato’s Republic and Aristotle’s Politics both accredit nature to the teleological functions of men, women, and children. Nevertheless, each philosopher defines family differently to support their main goals of finding the right type of society. While Plato does not conform to the traditional definition of a family—with a husband, wife, and children—and instead defines the role of men and womenRead MoreAnalysis Of Plato s Republic And Aristotle s Nicomachean Ethics Essay2075 Words   |  9 Pagesvia personal experiences of each phase, as the yellow brick road, leading up to reflection. Only then, true discoveries of thyself can be uncovered. Leisure, sport, and recreation provide the opportunity for growth of mind and body. Both Plato’s Republic and Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics conceptualize this growth through games and sport. What is meant by â€Å"growth?† What is development in relation to the self? Once sufficiently developed, leisure, sport, recreation become agents for one to experienceRead MoreAnalysis Of Plato s Republic, We Read About The Allegory Of The Cave1644 Words   |  7 PagesBrooke Green 06/23/2015 PHIL-2306-015 In Plato’s Republic, we read about the â€Å"Allegory of the Cave.† The prisoners in the story are relevant to anyone in today’s society who is unable to question anything they see or hear. Those who embrace anything they are told, as the truth, without the use of fact-finding questions, is an example of the relevance in today’s world. Plato’s cave is an allegory of education; it explains how we see things before we are necessarily educated about them and how oneRead MoreComparing Plato s Republic, The Philosopher And Plato965 Words   |  4 PagesIn Plato s Republic, the philosopher is sitting having a discussion with his fellow peers and friends. During this conversation each character except Plato offers their opening and reasoning on the question, what is justice. For the majority of the book Plato outlines almost every aspect of his ideal city. Within this city Plato has set up many rules in order for the city to remain just. All the way fro m mating rituals to who should rule, virtually all factors have been thought of and serves a specificRead MorePlato s Interpretation Of Utopia1630 Words   |  7 PagesPlato and Aristotle shared many differences despite also sharing a teacher student relationship. This essay will strive to establish their understandings of reason and the role reason plays in their comprehensions of politics, differentiating between the kinds of reason and politics produced as a result. Plato is regarded as the first writer of political philosophy while Aristotle is recognised as the first political scientist. Plato’s interpretation of Utopia is founded upon the existence of threeRead MoreHume vs. Plato on Knowledge: A Comparative Analysis1541 Words   |  6 PagesHume vs. Plato on Knowledge Introduction Platos ideas on knowledge represent, perhaps, the most foundational and influential attempt to establish the boundaries of what can be known. His ideas have had an immense influence on successive philosophers as well as Western Civilization as a whole. David Hume, who came over two millennia after Plato, represents perhaps the most relevant attempt to establish the boundaries of what can be known. Thesis: According to Humes position on ideas and causationRead MoreCultural, Economical, Religious, And Political Contributions847 Words   |  4 PagesBCE – 476 CE, assisted in the development of western culture. Albeit Rome embraced and developed some characteristics of Greek culture, they still made prominent contributions of their own. Rome and Greece contributed Christianity, Philosophy, The Republic, and Literature. At the time, Roman religion was centered on gods and the interpretation of why things were the way they were. Each god had its own special day where priest would sacrifice animals and offer it to them. Rome’s religion was challenged

Analysis Of The Movie Television Tv - 1138 Words

As Oliver’s parents, we know him best. So we would like to share our perspective of him with you. Oliver is a smart, active, unpredictable, funny 5 year old boy. His greatest love is for humor and being silly. One of his most favorite things to do is make people laugh. He will go from making silly noises or faces, to saying something so very very random, just to see the reaction on your face. And of course, sometimes, these things may involve bodily functions that most 5 year old boys would giggle about. He has many interests, and loves to pretend play. His love for game, movie, tv or cartoon characters is extensive, from every superhero there is, to Spongebob`. He knows every tiny fact about them. He is fantastic at memorizing scenes†¦show more content†¦He does not comprehend boundaries of other people, talking right in their faces, getting on their laps, giving hugs. Oliver also does not comprehend the meaning of strangers, saying Hi and talking, he may even try t o hug, anyone he sees. His social skills with other children is limited, he has his older sister, Charlotte. He also spends time with a aunt and cousin who are older and a younger cousin. Playing with the older children can be frustrating for him. He gets very loud, compensating for everything going on around him. He usually does not like to play what others want to, especially if he isn t fully interested, and will get angry if they do not agree with him. Sharing can be quite difficult, especially if it is something he has become quite attached too. Although, playing with younger children, he seems to be the opposite, sharing, making sure he is being very gentle, and quiet. That is when his nurturing side shows. Oliver s emotions are very unbalanced. When he is not bubbly, giggling, and happy. He will have outbursts without warning, cry or scream. He can have very high anxiety over events, or items, and takes things very literal which enhances all of these feelings. At the same tim e, he has little sense for danger and little fear, of dangerous situations. Even if it is explained as dangerous and why, he would run into a road if you re

Domestic Violence Is Mainly Caused by Poverty Free Essays

Domestic violence is widely interpreted as a form of disparaging actions carried out by either one or both parties in a relationship such as marriage, siblings, friends or any people who essentially live together. Some forms of domestic violence include domestic abuse, spousal abuse, child abuse and intimate partner violence (IPV). They who tend to be hostile by being physically aggressive, sexually or mentally abusive, intimidating or neglecting, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Domestic Violence Is Mainly Caused by Poverty or any similar topic only for you Order Now towards the other party are the one carrying out domestic violence (Wikipedia). Although this matter may not have enacted a crime but this matter is on its increase and has given nuisance to many that are involved. Domestic violence is found all throughout the world no matter what the country, race or class. I disagree with the fact that domestic violence is mainly caused by poverty because there have been cases of domestic violence found in the upper class as well. Although domestic violence does occur in poor households; other reasons that domestic violence occurs include drug and alcohol abuse, a household filled with self-esteem issues and the absence of God. Alcohol and drug abuse is another reason why domestic violence exists in our world (All About Life Challenges n. d. ). The most prominent form of domestic violence is male-to-female violence. This can be either husband to wife, husband to children or husband to other members of the family living under the same roof. Alcohol and drug abuse definitely adds another dimension to this violence. Heavy alcohol use makes users rowdy and willing to wreak havoc even without a valid reason. Alcohol has always been a root cause of many problems mainly because of the fact that it leads to out-of-control behaviour. A person is very different from himself when he is under the heavy influence of alcohol. Fathers who drink liquor every night are much more prone to domestic violence than a father who is not an alcoholic. Drugs such as crack, cocaine and methamphetamine make users aggressive and also cause dependence. People high on crack think that they can do anything and heavy users start experiencing paranoia (Drug Intelligence Centre n. . ). This paranoia causes the user to make a problem out of nothing and the aggressiveness of the drug initiates the violence. Drugs and alcohol do contribute heavily to domestic violence but another very big reason is self-esteem issues. A lot of domestic violence issues always have something to do with self-esteem issues. A child growing up in an environment where he is regularly beaten and put down will have psychological problems when h e/she grows up. The hidden burning anger of that child will stay inside him until he grows up. When that child, who is now a man, has a family of his own it is very likely that he will take out all his childhood frustrations on his family. This might be caused by stress or even the willingness to show power and control (All About Life Challenges n. d. ). Sometimes a family will experience domestic violence because the violator feels the need to show that he is the boss of the house. The father who has been battling self-esteem issues all his life regularly violates his family to convince himself that he is the boss of the house. This might be because that person has never been in a position of power all his life and has been regularly put down by society. This person will most likely have difficulty coping with stress, be unwilling to take responsibility of his own actions and experience extreme jealousy and possessiveness among other alcohol/tobacco/drug problems (Domestic Violence). People who believe in God tend to stay away from evil thoughts and doings. Domestic violence is mostly taking place in homes that are without God’s guidance. Most religions around the globe are against any type of violence. The Bible, for example, encourages its followers to be at peace with all mankind (All About Life Challenges n. d. ). Homes where domestic violence occurs have very little or no faith in God. Islam is known as one of the most peaceful religions in the world. The Quran, which is the holy book of Muslims, preaches that conflicts should be solved using communication rather than violent actions. Hinduism, Judaism, Buddhism and many more religions follow the same code of ethics. When child abuse occurs there is obviously an absence of religion in the home. For the counter argument, domestic violence does occur in homes rued with financial crises. According to a recent survey, domestic violence has been more prevalent in low-income families compared to middle and upper class families. Experts state that there tend to be more abuse cases in poor families that are reported to ER staff, police and social services. Violators from the lower class are more likely to be apprehended by the authorities because they do not have the power or influence which is prevalent in the upper class families (Domestic Violence Tips). To conclude this essay I would like to state that domestic violence does occur in areas affected by poverty, but that is not the only factor which contributes to this violence. Domestic violence is prevalent in families that are ridden with alcohol and drug abuse problems. As stated before an alcoholic father will beat his children for matters which do not require punishment. A family which has a history of self-esteem issues is also extremely prone to domestic abuse because they tend to feel inferior among the other members of the family whether in economic, education or status prospect. Children who grew up in a family or community with history of abuse may think that violence is a reasonable way to solve conflicts between people. The other reason why domestic violence is on a rise is because of the absence of God in certain households. A household which follows the religion of choice will abstain from violent behaviour of any kind. Domestic violence is a crime which is on the rise especially in developing countries. One way to reduce these crimes is to educate the youth. Hopefully in the next few years domestic violence will be a thing of the past. How to cite Domestic Violence Is Mainly Caused by Poverty, Papers

Anne Frank is a sad, but true story about a teenag Essay Example For Students

Anne Frank is a sad, but true story about a teenag Essay e Jew living during WW II. Throughout the story Anne goes through a lot of troubles, trials and hardships. But also on the other hand she finds friendship, and she grows up. Throughout the whole story Anne is constantly fighting with her mother and her sister Margot. The thing about Anne, is that you could really look up to someone of her character and nature. She was always firm about what she believed in, and she was not afraid to stand up for it. Anne was also very grateful about every gift that she got in the Secret Annex. So in short she had a great outlook on life, even though she was in a small compact space with strange and annoying people. The story starts out at her thirteenth birthday. Then one day her older sister, Margot, gets the call from the German Police, the Gestapo. Her parents had been secretly sending things to the Secret Annex, without Anne and Margot knowing it, but they didnt know that it would come this soon. The Secret Annex was located over top of the building that Pim, Annes father owned. So the next day after the family packed up their stuff and went to the annex. Anne didnt even get to say good-bye to her friends. When they got to the annex, they heard through a good friend that there was another family that also needed a place to hide away from the Gestapo. This family was the VanDaans, so the Franks got ready for the VanDaans and awaited their arrival. The VanDaans also had a son, Peter, who was always quiet and always pretty much stayed to himself. Anne was very contrary, and she fought, and bickered with everyone in the house. Then as if they didnt already didnt have enough people in the annex, Meip found another person that needed some assistance and shelter. This man was Mr. Dussel, and his wife was already over in the states away from the Gestapo, but he didnt get so lucky. A few days before he had asked Meip about finding him a place to live, the Gestapo came and gave him his notice. So Meip told the Franks and the VanDaans, so that they could think about it and contemplate whether they had room for him. And they pondered over it and decided that they did infact have enough room for him. He would have to sleep with Anne in her room and they would share the room equally. But as time went on Mr. Dussel became stingy with his space and time, and he would not let Anne use the desk in her room for her own studies. So Pim decided to tell Mr. Dussel that he was a guest in their house, and when he came here they decided that they would share everything equally. And so with much persuasion Pim finally talked Dussel into letting Anne have some time to the desk by herself. So over time everyone got familiar with each other. The families of the Secret Annex didnt have very many means of entertainment, so they would entertain themselves. Peter and Anne would do little skits with each other dressing up as different people in the house. And most of the family members also tried out aerobics, but they got too sore too quick. So that was the end of that really quick! They would also tell stories and jokes to each other, they would read magazines that Miep brought them, they would read books, and they also would listen to the little radio in the office. .ud1af1fb103fddf78ef2fbe061a64fa27 , .ud1af1fb103fddf78ef2fbe061a64fa27 .postImageUrl , .ud1af1fb103fddf78ef2fbe061a64fa27 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud1af1fb103fddf78ef2fbe061a64fa27 , .ud1af1fb103fddf78ef2fbe061a64fa27:hover , .ud1af1fb103fddf78ef2fbe061a64fa27:visited , .ud1af1fb103fddf78ef2fbe061a64fa27:active { border:0!important; } .ud1af1fb103fddf78ef2fbe061a64fa27 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud1af1fb103fddf78ef2fbe061a64fa27 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud1af1fb103fddf78ef2fbe061a64fa27:active , .ud1af1fb103fddf78ef2fbe061a64fa27:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud1af1fb103fddf78ef2fbe061a64fa27 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud1af1fb103fddf78ef2fbe061a64fa27 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud1af1fb103fddf78ef2fbe061a64fa27 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud1af1fb103fddf78ef2fbe061a64fa27 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud1af1fb103fddf78ef2fbe061a64fa27:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud1af1fb103fddf78ef2fbe061a64fa27 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud1af1fb103fddf78ef2fbe061a64fa27 .ud1af1fb103fddf78ef2fbe061a64fa27-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud1af1fb103fddf78ef2fbe061a64fa27:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Exemplification Essay This radio became a very important part of their life, and they didnt even realize it. They would rely on that radio to tell them what was going on in the world with the war and with Adolf Hitler. But Miep was also another good source of information. She would sometimes tell them bad stories about what was happening with all the Jews. Things that they wouldnt hear on the radio. If you lived in the Secret Annex, then you had to stay extremely quiet throughout out the main portion of the morning. Because of the workers that were in the office down stairs that didnt know about them. Which there were a whole bunch of. So to keep themselves quiet Peter, Margot, and Anne would do their school work and studies. Pim, Mr. VaanDan, and .

Animal Farm and the Russian Revolution of 1917 Essays

Animal Farm and the Russian Revolution of 1917 Essays Animal Farm and the Russian Revolution of 1917 Paper Animal Farm and the Russian Revolution of 1917 Paper Essay Topic: Animal Farm Animal Farm Russian Revolution George Orwell’s book Animal Farm (published in1943) is a children’s story, but when closely examined, it proves to be an allegory to the Russian Revolution. The events in the book are very closely related to the actual events from The Russian Revolution. Also, the animals (main-characters) are historically referring to the Communist leaders such as Leon Trotsky, Joseph Stalin, Karl Marx, and others. The book starts out with Old Major speaking to his fellow animals (representing the people during the Revolution). Old Major represents either V. I. Lenin or Karl Marx. Either way, he is representing the father of Communism. His speech urges the animals (â€Å"workers of the world†) to unite against their economic oppressors (humans in the book, Hitler in the Revolution). Old Major dies before he can see the way his followers carried on, as Lenin also died before he was able to witness final results of the Revolution. After Old Major (Lenin) dies, the three pigs Napoleon (Joseph Stalin), Snowball (Leon Trotsky), and Squealer (Stalin’s propagandist) develop the concept â€Å"Animalism†. This concept was really a fictional way of explaining Karl Marx’s Communist vision. This is when the animals decide to rebel and take over Manor Farm, giving it the new name Animal Farm. Every animal worked hard on the farm, and the revolt started as a success, as the Russian Revolution did. Previously, the animals had lead hard lives. Under Jones’ (Nicholas’) reign, the lives of millions of Russians got worse. The farm is overtaken from Jones, representing when Nicholas’ own generals withdrew their support of him. Nicholas left his throne hoping to avoid a civil war, but the war arrived anyway (in the form of the Bolshevik Revolution). Nicholas, like Jones, was removed from his place of rule. He died shortly after. Trotsky’s ideas were reflected when Snowball made plans to build the windmill. He thought it was the best way to put Old Major’s(Lenin/Marx) theories into practice. Trotsky’s army is also shown as the army of animals Snowball directs to get rebel against Jones. As Trotsky was exiled and killed by Stalin’s agents, Snowball was chased off the farm by Napoleon. Stalin gained powerful dictatorship; Napoleon gained powerful dictatorship. Power was valued, and cruel acts of terror and brutality broke out. Napoleon’s dogs are like Stalin’s secret police that he used to eliminate to get in complete control. Using Squealer (propaganda), Napoleon gains control and is able to affect the animal’s lives. The plan to build the windmill after all reflects Stalin’s Five Year Plan for growing the worlds industry etc. When Napoleon digs up Old Major’s skull, it represents how Stalin ordered Lenin’s body to be placed in the shrine-like tomb for Lenin. Napoleon’s starting of the Order of the Green Banner is Stalin’s starting of the Order of Lenin. The Battle of the Cowshed represents the Civil War that occurred after the Revolution. Adolf Hitler is represented by Frederick who formed an allegiance with Stalin(Napoleon), but somehow ended up fighting Stalin’s army later on. Frederick’s fake money revealed that he hadn’t been a true ally to Napoleon. Stalin’s purge is shown by Napoleon’s executions of the animals that confessed. Stalin conducted to rid himself of any possible threat, as Napoleon did in the book. As the hens began to rebel against Napoleon, so did the sailors at the Kronshdadt military base rebel against Communist rule†¦ the attempts to rebel failed. The Battle of the Windmill later on in the book reflects the U. S. S. R. ’s involvement in World War II (but more specifically the Battle of Stalingrad-1943). Stalin’s forces defeated Hitler’s (as Napoleon’s forces defeated Frederick). At the end of the book, the card game represents the Tehran Conference, where Stalin, Winston Churchill, and Franklin Roosevelt met to discuss the ways to make a lasting peace after the war. Orwell mocks that peace in the book by having Napoleon and Pilkington flatter each other and then betray their natures by cheating in the card game. Animal Farm was written to make fun of Stalins corrupt rule in Russia. It was written based on The Russian Revolution, but it definitely shows how any Revolution can go wrong and get out of hand, like in the book. MAIN THEME: â€Å"The theory of a country in which everyone is equal, free and happy is but an illusion, a deception of reality, which is, that ‘power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely’. That once tainted with the feeling of power, most will stoop to any level, and do whatever the cost to maintain that power. †

Aust. Poverty and Education essays

Aust. Poverty and Education essays Many serious issues face this country today, and two of the most important of these issues are poverty and the provision of health care and education, both in our country and worldwide. Australia is assisting in the fight against poverty in a large way, both in Australia, and on a global scale. Australias has three main objectives in health care and aid. The three objectives are to improve the basic health of those in need, to improve the quality of health service delivery in developing countries and to address the health effects of natural disasters and emergencies. In 2000-2001, Australia will provide over $170 million of assistance to developing countries in many areas around the world. It is obvious that the large majority of human death in the developing world is poverty-related. Australia has been trying to improve health standards and access to basic health services for the less fortunate groups of citizens. Developing countries are generally the world's poorer countries, which are still in the process of developing their human, physical, and technological resources in order to improve the standard of living of their people. Developed countries are the world's richer countries and are in a position to offer assistance to developing countries. Australia is obviously developed, therefore is involved in many foreign aid programs in about 130 countries. Some forms of aid that Australia provides are: Project aid for curing and vaccinating harmful diseases like malaria, improving water supplies etc. , education and training programs, technological aid in the form of equipment and expert knowledge provided for agriculture, industry and other activities as well as food aid, such as emergency food aid given if a crisis is at hand. Often emergency relief, such as food, medicines, shelter materials and clothing are donated to people affected by natural or human disasters, or war, and often distributed by non-governm...

Improving macro-organizational communication in organization Essay

Improving macro-organizational communication in organization - Essay Example But, in an organization, these workers will normally be apportioned or â€Å"structurized† into departments for better arrangement and streamlining of work. These different departments can only boost an organization by working in unison, and thereby actualizing the opportunities on offer, so they could reach their targets and the estimated profits. So, ‘working in unison’ is the key, and the ‘key’ which opens up the minds of the workers working in the department, and aid ‘unison’, is communication. That is, communication between organization’s different departments or etc will only help the workers to work as a team and help them in coordinating and concluding the given work successfully. So, this paper will analyze how to improve the macro communication in an organization using Electronics, with Harley Davidson as a guide. Providing a perfect and barrier environment to the workers will develop communication in an effective manner. For that the management should initiate new methods and if those methods are based on technology, it will surely provide optimum results. With many organizations diversifying physically with units and sister concerns being established at different places, there has to be seamless communication for the effective functioning of the organization. Same way, if an organization also concentrates on the sale or supply side of its products and services, communication need to be established between the manufacturing unit and the sale or supply side. In these situations, where physical distances could be the barrier, technology and the technological products will only break that barrier and will help to maintain the communications, thereby benefiting the organization in many ways. Among the many technological products, the electronic ones could be bring in immense benefits and we can see this by analyzing how Harley Davison used the electronic equipment of RFID to maintain

The Local Colors Writing of Kate Chopin's The Awakening Essay

The Local Colors Writing of Kate Chopin's The Awakening - Essay Example In the end, despite her developments into selfhood, the only escape from her biological destiny as a woman in society, possessed, sexual, and ruled, is death. Local Color writers were an offshoot of the Realistic movement. They sought to preserve a distinct way of life threatened by industrialization, immigration, the after effects of the War, and the changes in society. Their writing concentrated upon rendering a convincing portrait of a particular region and delving below the surface picture to reveal some universal aspect. What this novel wants to convey is that immigration is not as sweet as most people think. People are more interested and amazed on how well immigrating families are doing by the clothes they wear, the cars they drive, the way they speak fluent English and etc. Those are all superficial because behind the achievements are hardships of which not everyone has a clear understanding of. Difficulties are always abundant and it takes it toll on every member of the family. There is never a way in which immigration can always be smooth sailing. Immigrants tend to be victims of abuse by people around them who knows they are vulnerable. he relationship between men and women and the economic aspects that go along with that issue are also realistic. Edna is "owned" at various points in the novel by her father, husband, Arobin, and Robert.

PED 131 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PED 131 - Essay Example In the paper I got the second question wrong. The question was -When the command Cease Fire is given other than the range office. My answer to this was (b) Stop shooting immediately, lay the gun down on the bench and await further instructions. The reason I chose this answer was because when someone gives the command to cease fire it could be because there is some hazardous situation. Thus the best way to avoid any danger would be to stop firing and lay the gun down. But the correct answer is (d) since the correct thing to do would be to stop firing, point the gun in a safe direction and call or wait for the range officer to give further orders and if needed clarify as to why someone else gave the order. My answer to question 3 was because I felt that after notifying the range officer the best thing to do would be to open the action and remove the cartridge since in order to continue firing I would have to remove the faulty cartridge. But the correct answer to this is (d) since it is the range officer who is responsible to over see the removal of the cartridge. My answer to question 5 was (b) since in all the guns I have seen till date the safety switch has always been on the side and no where else.

Single Phase To Three Phase Converter Engineering Essay

Single Phase To Three Phase Converter Engineering Essay Several solutions have been proposed where the objective is to reduce harmonic distortions in a generating system. It is now the renewable power utilization that is growing more, thus a small scale Wind Energy Conversion System is concentrated which needs harmonic reduction. The wind energy unit that we are planning to install is single phase so we go for a single phase to three phase ac-dc-ac converter designing to reduce harmonics. Parallel converters have been used to improve the power capability, reliability, efficiency, and redundancy. Usually the operation of converters in parallel requires a transformer for isolation. Here a single-phase to three-phase drive system composed of two parallel single-phase rectifiers and a three-phase inverter is proposed. Compared to the conventional topology, the proposed system permits: to reduce the rectifier switch currents; the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the grid current with same switching frequency or the switching frequency with s ame THD of the grid current; and to increase the fault tolerance characteristics. Also the loss of the proposed system is lower. The aforementioned benefits justify the initial investment of the proposed system, due to the increase of number of switches. Index Terms- Converters, IGBT, MOSFET, Renewable Energy, Single Phase to Three Phase, Wind Energy. Introduction The paper deals with the enhancement of the usage of renewable energy and improvement of its utility. Wind energy is one of the most promising alternative energy technologies of the future. Throughout recent years, the amount of energy produced by wind-driven turbines has increased exponentially due to significant breakthroughs in turbine technologies, making wind power economically compatible with conventional sources of energy. One of the limitations of wind energy is Harmonic distortion that hinders the utility of the wind generation. Harmonics is referred as the disturbance or the deterioration of the purity of current or voltage after undergoing several changes or transformations. Since power quality is very important it is mandatory to discover methods to reduce harmonics and retain purity. As corrective action is always expensive and unpopular solution more thought and investment are devoted at the design stage on the basis that prevention is better than cure. The sources of harmonics can be divided into 3 categories: Large numbers of distributed non-linear components of small rating. Large and continuously randomly varying non-linear loads. Large static power converters and transmission system level power electronics devices. Harmonics Reduction Technique In general there are many techniques to reduce harmonics like usage of harmonic filters [13] PWM technique [4], [5], [13] Filter is a device that is designed to suppress harmonic current and voltages from being injected into the power system since these causes damaging effects to the devices being used in the system. The harmful and damaging effects of harmonic distortion can be avoided by the usage of filters. There can be two types of filters that are used in order to reduce the harmonics distortion i.e. the active filters and the passive filters. Active harmonic filters are electronic devices that eliminate the undesirable harmonics on the network by inserting negative harmonics into the network. The active filters are normally available for low voltage networks. In order to control power and reactive power, it is essential to control the magnitude and phase angle of the injected voltage by the converter [1], [4], [5], [7]. At the same time, it is desirable to regulate the DC bus voltage. Another requirement is to minimize the injection of the lower order harmonics by the converter. The pulse width modulation (PWM) is utilized to achieve the following objectives: To control the output AC voltage for a constant DC voltage. To minimize the harmonics subject to the constraints on the switching losses, generation of noise etc. Circuit Design The project deals with a converter design as an attempt to reduce harmonic distortions in wind energy conversion system. We design a converter circuit for a single phase three phase conversion with two single phase rectifiers connected in parallel and a three phase inverter. The experiment is simulated using MATLAB Simulink software and the results are compared for the effectiveness of the converter circuit [9]. Also the selection of switch for the converter is very essential thus we compare two different switches- MOSFET and IGBT and analyze its characteristics for the suitability and effectiveness. Process of Switch Selection The below table shows the comparison of different parameters considered in the course of selection of switch for the converter thereby helping us to justify our selection. The Table below shows the comparison between different possible switches that are used in converters. We can see the characteristics and parameters based on which the switches are selected. TABLE I. SELECTION OF SWITCH FOR THE CONVERTER CIRCUIT Device Comparison area diode rectifier Thyristor [SCR] GTO IGBT MOSFET Inverter switch X X AC-DC conversion X X X X X Inverter types Current source X X Voltage source X X X Efficiency High High Low High High Gate control signal NA current current voltage voltage Gate current NA < 2 Amps 400-1000 Amps 0.1 Amps < 0.01 Amp Voltage rating High High High To 1200 Volts 4000 volts Current rating 6000 Amps 5500 Amps 1000 Amps 1000 Amps 600 Amps Switching losses NA Medium High Low Low Switching speed NA Low Low Very high Very High From the comparison it is evident that MOSFET, IGBT are the two most suitable switches for the Inverter section of converter as MOSFET and IGBT showed good efficiency, voltage and current ratings. Also the switching speed and switching losses are satisfactory. And it doesnt need a special switching angle control mechanism. Thus the MOSFET, IGBT rectifier/inverter system is the proposed converter for the small scale wind energy conversion system. Also comparison between MSOFET and IGBT operation in Single phase Three phase conversion as well as Three phase Three phase conversion is done. Technology used for switching The maximum achievable efficiency of any practical system is 0.93. However due to design considerations and operational constraints, the percentage drastically reduces to a maximum of 0.5, in the case of a wind energy system. The aim of this project is to improve the normal operating mean efficiency of 0.29. Various techniques have been instrumental in reducing the overall losses in the system, and also particular interest is streamlined in the domain of reduction of harmonics in the system. A lot of techniques by which, losses, and particularly, harmonics can be reduced have been figured out by analyzing various IEEE projects. Apart from circuit element modifications, design modifications have also been analyzed. The Circuit Design Here as per the circuit diagram we can see 14 switches totally i.e. 4 for each single phase rectifiers and 6 for the three phase inverter. Now when the single phase supply is given to the system the rectifiers convert the AC single phase supply to DC supply then it is fed to the inverter for further conversion into a three phase AC supply. Here as we can see the rectifiers are connected in parallel to each other, as we know the working of the rectifier. The converter can either use MOSFET as a switch or IGBT as a switch. FIGURE 1. CIRCUIT DESING FOR SINGLE PHASE_ THREE PHSE CONVERTER Here as per the circuit diagram we can see 14 switches totally i.e. 4 for each single phase rectifiers and 6 for the three phase inverter. Now when the single phase supply is given to the system the rectifiers convert the AC single phase supply to DC supply then it is fed to the inverter for further conversion into a three phase AC supply. Here as we can see the rectifiers are connected in parallel to each other, as we know the working of the rectifier. The converter can either use MOSFET as a switch or IGBT as a switch. Rectifier is a device that converts AC to DC signal. In a single phase controlled rectifier there are 4 switching devices two in each leg. Two switches at a time namely alternate switches of the legs are on at a time. Thereby converting the AC signal into DC signal. Then it is fed to the inverter which has 6 switching devices two per leg, thus a 3 phase inverter has 3 legs with 2 switches per leg. The working mechanism is almost similar to the rectifiers. Simulation using MATLAB/Simulink MOSFET Based Converter Simulation The MATLAB simulation model clearly depicts the no of switches used, also the parameters involved in the analysis of the circuit. Simulation results help us clearly conclude the difference in the performance based analysis of MOSFET and IGBT converters. C:Documents and SettingsBIRDDesktopchithra simulationmosfet singlemosfet single.bmp FIGURE.2 MOSFET based Single phase three phase converter using MATLAB Simulation MATLABÂ  is a high-level language and interactive environment for numerical computation, visualization, and programming. Using MATLAB, you can analyze data, develop algorithms, and create models and applications. The language, tools, and built-in math functions enable you to explore multiple approaches and reach a solution faster than with spreadsheets or traditional programming languages, such as C/C++ or Java. Here we simulated converter circuit with MOSFET switches and IGBT switches and compared the difference in the capacity of reducing harmonics. FIGURE.3 RECTIFIER OUTPUT FOR MOSFET BASED SINGLE PHASE THREE PHASE CONVERTER USING MATLAB SIMULATION. This graph represents the rectifier output. The voltage amplitude is 310V i.e. the harmonics in the voltage causes spikes which reaches this value, where as the original voltage is around 230V. The graph is plotted for a time period of 20 milliseconds. The positive half wave is rectified better than the negative half wave. We can clearly see the spike occurrence in the positive half wave due to harmonics. . FIGURE. 4 FINAL OUTPUT OF THE MOSFET BASED CONVERTER SYSTEM USING MATLAB SIMULATION The output is around 220V with reduced harmonics. The inverter output by itself has reduced harmonics distortion found in the rectifier output. The spikes that were found in the rectifier are not present in the inverter output waveform. From this its evident that the single phase to three phase voltage converter design helps in reducing the harmonics. The MOSFET switch used is a voltage controlled device and has a high switching frequency that enhances the rectification as well as inversion of the generated voltage. The single phase to three phase configuration is helpful in reducing the harmonics is hence proved from the graphs above. IGBT Based Converter Simulation C:Documents and SettingsBIRDDesktopchithra simulationigbt singleigbt single.bmp FIGURE 5: MATLAB SIMULATION DIAGRAM FOR IGBT BASED SINGLE PHASE-THREE PHASE CONVERTER The simulation model diagram for the IGBT single phase to three phase converter is given above. We can see that the topology is similar to that of the MOSFET based converter except for that the IGBT block contains a diode connected parallel to it. C:Documents and SettingsBIRDLocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.Word230r1.bmp FIGURE.6 RECTIFIER OUTPUT WAVEFORM OF IGBT BASED SINGLE PHASE THREE PHASE CONVERTER WITH 220V SUPPLY This graph is the rectifier output for a 220V input supply. In this graph the magnitude of output is around 220V which means the input is completely rectified. The occurrence of spike is at the junction of two half waves. Thus the completeness of the half waves is affected by the harmonic distortions in the case of IGBT based converter. C:Documents and SettingsBIRDLocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.Word220op.bmp FIGURE.VII FINAL OUTPUT WAVEFORM OF THE SYSTEM WITH 220V SUPPLY The output graph shows the reduction in harmonics to some extent the magnitude of harmonics is reduced and is evident in the output graph. ANALYSIS OF HAMONIC REDUCTION WITH VARIATION OF INPUT INDUCTANCE Initially we analyzed the system effectiveness for various input voltages like 230V, 220V, 200V etc., where we found a prominent result only for 220V input supply. Now that changing in voltage is not producing enough difference thus we try to change the input inductance and realize the effectiveness of the MOSFET and IGBT based conversion systems. FIGURE. 8 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF VARIATION OF HARMONICS WITH VARIATION OF INDUCTANCE IN A MOSFET BASED SINGLE PHASE THREE PHASE CONVERTER In the single phase to three phase conversion topology of converter using MOSFET, the inductors L2 and L4 (corresponding to the negative cycle of supply) are varied from 0.1 mH to 0.4 mH under a varying operating voltages between 220 V and 230 V. The results that are thus obtained are represented in the graph. For operating voltage 220 V, the output voltage peak varies between 214.4 V and 206.1 V corresponding to the change in input inductance values between 0.1 mH and 0.4 mH. Similarly, for operating voltage 230 V, the variation in peak voltage is between 224.2 V and 215.4 V for the same change in input inductance. FIGURE.9 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF VARIATION OF HARMONICS WITH INDUCTANCE IN AN IGBT BASED SINGLE PHASE THREE PHASE CONVERTER. In the single phase to three phase conversion topology of converter using IGBT, the inductors L2 and L4 (corresponding to the negative cycle of supply) are varied from 0.1 mH to 0.2 mH under a varying operating voltages between 220 V and 230 V. The results that are thus obtained are represented in the graph. For operating voltage 220 V, the output voltage peak varies between 219.4 V and 216.5 V corresponding to the change in input inductance values between 0.1 mH and 0.2 mH. Similarly, for operating voltage 230 V, the variation in peak voltage is between 229.8 V and 226.3 V for the same change in input inductance. In the above graphs we see the variation of harmonics with the variation of input inductance thus choosing the input inductance wisely can affect the harmonics reduction process. CONCLUSION As per the above result and discussion we saw the variation of harmonics with variation of voltage magnitude and input inductance accordingly, with the result we observe that single phase three phase MOSFET based converter reduces spikes to a great extent without any loss in the voltage magnitude when the input inductance is of 0.1mH each. But when the inductance is changed to L1, L3= 0.1mH and L2, L4=0.4mH the output consists of negative peaks without loss in voltage magnitude. Coming to IGBT based converter, the single phase three phase converter has low harmonics in the rectifier as well as the inverter outputs when the inductance in L1, L3=0.1mH and L2, L4=0.2mH.when the inductance is changed to 0.1mH all the rectifier output has little heavy spike at the junction of the half waves which are reduced without voltage loss.

The Rise Of Christianity Essay -- Religion Christian Christianity

The rise of Christianity in philosophy One influential cult was based upon a mystical interpretation of Plato. Neo-Platonism was like a rational science that attempted to break down and describe every aspect of the divine essence and its relationship with the human soul. An Alexandrian Jew named Philo tried using Greek philosophy to interpret the Jewish scriptures. He wanted to unite the two traditions by suggesting that the Greek philosophers had been inspired by the same God who had revealed himself to the Jews. But only Christianity had the right combination of ingredients to appeal to both the masses and also eventually the ruling elite. Based on ancient scriptures, with a solid creation myth, its own collection of inspired writings, a convincing story about the appearance of God as a man (e.g. Jesus), a morality based upon personal maturity rather than harsh punishment, role models for both men and women, and a good organizational structure. Christianity was destined to grow to become the dominant religion. Greek philosophy was eventually extinguished by the hostility of Christianity towards other beliefs. Many of the followers of Greek philosophy were forced to move to Syria and other eastern countries to escape persecution by the Christian authorities. Many of the books they carried with them were translated into other languages. It would not be until the crusades, almost one thousand years later that Greek philosophy would be rediscovered by the Greek and Roman worlds. An early Church father, Augustine knew that Christianity was not compatible with science. For Christians, there was no need for new discoveries. Everything that mankind would ever need to know about God, nature, or humanity was to be found in the... ...d 330 BC. The teachings and beliefs of both the Greeks and the Romans posed a threat the Judaism belief system. All of Jesus' teachings were based solely on the Law. During the time of the Roman occupation, the Christian movement found it's way back into Rome and Greece, primarily through Saul of Tarsus (who re-named himself Paul the Apostle). Saul was a Jewish Pharisee who was converted to Christianity by a vision from God. The Chrisitan philosophy was summarized by Jesus himself when He said "You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind." and "You shall love your neighbour as yourself." (Matt. 22:37, 39) Sources Cited http://www.evolutionary-metaphysics.net/ancient_greek_philosophy.html http://www.faqfarm.com/Q/What_principle_Christianized_philosophical_issues http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/B078

The Impacts of Dams on the Hydrologic Regime

The earliest remains of dams that archaeologists have unearthed date back to around 5000 A.D.They were constructed as part of a domestic water supply system for the ancient town of Jawa in Jordan. Over the next few millennia, the building of dams for water retention spread throughout the Mediterranean, the Middle East, Southern Asia, China, and Central America. Later, as technologies increased and industrialization took hold in Europe, dam mechanisms advanced to incorporate watermills. With the advent of the water turbine in 1832 and developments in electrical engineering, the first hydropower plant began running in Wisconsin in 1882 (IRN n. pag.). Over the next few decades, while structural engineering techniques improved, dams multiplied in size, strength, and numbers worldwide. Today, although the construction of new dams is halting ( albeit with less vigor in underdeveloped countries) (de Villiers 146; Pielou 206), they are still being built around the globe for a multitude of social and economical reasons: flood control, hydroelectric power production, river navigation, irrigation, human consumption, industrial use, emergency water reservation, tourism, and flat-water recreation (e.g., NPDP n. pag.; Trout Unlimited 11). For all the benefits that dams provide, however, there are adverse effects and concerns that arise from manipulating the environment in such an unnatural manner. Impacts of Dams on the Hydrologic Regime Dams are ultimately created as a water reservoir. This impounding of water impedes the circulation of a river and subsequently changes the hydrology and ecology of the river system and its contiguous environments. Behind a dam, the rise in water level submerges the landscape; often displacing people and engorging culturally valuable ruins. Furthermore, biodiversity of the region is constrained by the destruction of vegetation and loss or extinction of wildlife (Power et al. 887-895). In essence, both the aquatic and land-based ecosystems are damaged by the advent of a dam (Pielou 209). Upstream of the barricade, the once flowing water that housed the riverine habitat becomes still, oxygen depleted, deepens into darkness, temperature stratified, and susceptible to enhanced evaporation which adjusts the entire hydrologic cycle (e.g., Pielou 207, 210; Ocean Planet n. pag.; Leopold 157). Moreover, drowned vegetation in the stagnant water is subject to rotting and may thereby pollute the atmosphere and reservoir with methane and carbon dioxide (Leopold 158; Pielou 208). Another change in the water chemistry that alters many river-based systems is the inclusion of heavy metals (and minerals) such as methyl mercury due to reactions between the reservoir bed and the standing water (Pielou 114, 207). If undetected, these toxins may bioaccumulate by moving through the trophic levels of the food web, eventually reaching humans. Aside from the changes in the chemical constituencies of the water, a dam will also physically augment the river by modifying the shape of the channel. This is primarily due to the retention of sediments behind the dam wall. Water that was once entrained with silts has the increased erosive power to degrade the riverbanks downstream while upstream, the deposition process is shallowing and narrowing the river reaches (e.g., Moffat 1116; Pielou 210). These alterations in channel shape can also shift the elevation of the groundwater table and can amplify the severity of the floods that the dams may have been built to prevent (de Villiers 155-56; PCFFA n. pag.). The silting process, though, can have other effects on riverine environments. With the deprivation of sediments, valuable nutrients are withheld from the floodplains and the delta of the river. Ultimately, agricultural land suffers from fertility loss and coastlines recede (e.g., DRIIA n. pag.; Pielou 212). In addition to the above noted deterioration of wetland environs, major fish spawning and nursing grounds are harmed by the lack of continual silt and gravel replenishment (e.g., Chambers n. pag.). Fish species, nevertheless, are not simply affected by the decreased deposition that occurs below a dam. These, and other aquatic based biota adapted to the natural pulsations of seasonal flooding, can be strained by the regulation of stream flow afforded by a dam (Pielou 145; Leopold 156). Furthermore, moderating the flow may actually retard the entire regime of the river by delaying spring break-up (Pielou 212). Apart from the precipitous effects on the hydrologic cycle and river-based ecosystems thus far noted, there are an extensive number of further reasons to remove a dam. Briefly, a few of these are (Ocean Planet n. pag.; Pielou 208-09; Trout Unlimited 17; Leopold 156): Æ’x the restoration of anadromous fish migration and subsequent reliant fisheries Æ’x ameliorate conditions associated with damming which promote epidemics such as bilharzia and milaria Æ’x damming has accelerated the rate of earth ¡s rotation, displaced the axis of the earth, changed the shape of earth ¡s magnetic field, increased the occurrence of seismic events, and influenced sea level changes Æ’x dam removal has been shown to improve recreation, tourism, and aesthetics to the associated riverside communities Æ’x amend the river and groundwater quality Yet for all of the reasons that a dam may be removed, it is often economic and, in part, safety purposes that prompts the decommissioning of a dam. Whether the reservoir has filled with silt, wear-and-tear has taken its toll, or the dam has become obsolete, the benefit of removal may outweigh the cost of maintaining dam operation (PCFFA n. pag.). Consequences Associated with Dam Removal: A Case Study of the Elwha River Early in the 20th century, two hydroelectric dams were built on the Elwha River within the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State. The Elwha Dam, the first to be constructed (1910), created the Lake Aldwell reservoir 4.9 miles from the mouth of the Elwha river [fig. 1]. Respectively, 8.5 miles upstream, Lake Mills is contained by the Glines Canyon Dam (1926). Despite their continued success as a viable resource for Bonneville Power Administration (Meyer n. pag.), the existence and utilization of the Elwha and Glines Canyon dams causes detrimental besetment for the ecosystem and native anadromous fish populations of the Elwha River basin (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1995, n. pag.). Thus, per restitution stipulations, the 1992 Elwha River Ecosystem and Fisheries Restoration Act (the Elwha Act) authorized the Secretary of the Interior to appropriate the two dams (e.g., Winter n. pag.). Measures to remove the dams will be undertaken as sanctioned from the Environmental Impact Assessment ( EIS) that followed in 1995. Fig. 1. Map of the Elwha River, Clallam County, Olympic Peninsula, Washington. (Olympic National Park n. pag.) In an effort to remove the dams in a  ¡Ã‚ §safe, environmentally sound and cost effective manner ¡ (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Apr. 1996, n. pag.), various procedural alternatives are being considered prior to the implementation of the scheduled 2004 deconstruction. Under the River Erosion alternative, which is the proposed action, the Elwha and Glines Canyon dams would be incrementally removed in succession over a two year period with the controlled regulation of natural sediment erosion (e.g., U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Aug. 1996, n. pag.). A dredge and slurry system, a further method of sediment disposal, is an action alternative that has also been analyzed by the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) Team (e.g., U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Apr. 1996, n. pag.). Between the inauguration of the Elwha River dams and 1994, it is estimated that 17.7 million cubic yards of sediments has become trapped in the Lake Aldwell and Lake Mills reservoirs (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Aug. 1996, n. pag.). Of that total deposition, some 4.8 to 5.6 million cubic yards of fine-grained alluvium (silts and clays less than 0.075 m in diameter) and 1.2 to 2.6 million cubic yards of coarse grained sediments (sands, gravels, and cobbles greater than 0.075 mm in diameter) will be reintroduced into the Elwha River system through the proposed action (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Apr. 1996, n. pag.; U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Aug. 1996, n. pag.). In comparison, approximately 6.9 million cubic yards of the fine-grained sediments stand to be directly pumped via a pipeline into the Strait of Juan de Fuca if the dredge and Slurry alternative is undertaken (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Aug. 1996, n. pag.). Incremental removal of the dams will be the primary regulation on the rate of sediment withdrawal and will partially effect the resulting term of biological and physical impacts felt on downstream reaches of the Elwha River (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Aug. 1996, n. pag.). An increase of alluvium transport will renew the natural sediment distribution and hydrological flow patterns to their pre-dam character while new channels and wetland habitats will be created in the freshly drained areas (Foster Wheeler 17). Aggradation of stream load materials will be most prominent in the low-lying and less circulating shoals, including a revitalization of the Ediz Hook [fig. 1] and estuarine beaches (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Aug. 1996, n. pag.). In response to these raised river beds, water elevations are expected to rise, thereby threatening the resources that fall within the 100-year floodplain (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Apr. 1996, n. pag.). Surface water quality is likely to be hampered for two to six years after dam abstraction as turbidity, suspended sediments and dissolved solids flow through the system. Furthermore, water temperatures, dissolved oxygen concentrations, and pH levels will be affected for the interim of dam removal (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Apr. 1996, n. pag.). Turbidity, in turn, will be the chief cause of groundwater contamination by infiltration into underlying foundations or well and septic systems (removal (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Apr. 1996, n. pag.). The implementation of either the Proposed Action or Dredge and Slurry alternatives will also impact the native anadromous (indigenious?) and resident populations on the Elwha River. The high sediment regimes, especially those of the River Erosion Alternative (the proposed action), will encumber the migrating fish over the deconstruction process. However in the long term, runs will improve with the staged delayed of dam destruction, fisheries management (including the supplementation fish stocks through hatchery intervention), unrestricted passage up the full stretch of the Elwha River, and the formation of quality spawning grounds and rearing habitats from the released sediments (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Aug. 1996, n. pag.). (steph, this last paragraph seems akward) Moreover, apart from the obvious economic profits of salmon run restoration, the heightened decomposition of dead fish after spawning will significantly enrich nutrients cycling through the riparian area (Munn et al. n. pag.). Magnified numbers of anadromous fish will, too, eventually increase the biotic diversity down the length of the Elwha Basin. In the future wildlife will be drawn to the decaying remains of dead fish and their young even though the immediate disturbances during the removal period may ward off certain animals (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Apr. 1996, n. pag.). Vegetation and marine organisms will benefit from the circulation of organic remains; those primarily adapted to sandy substrates will flourish after the initial strain of post-dam sediment conditions (Winter, 2000, n. pag.; U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Aug. 1996, n. pag.). Prospective temporary consequences to the environment will also include air, traffic, and noise pollution in conjunction with dam destruction and debris conveyance (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Apr. 1996, n. pag.). This Elwha River case study exemplifies the foremost probable impacts on the hydrologic cycle and the environmental ecosystems which it encompasses. Successful removal of a dam can, in the end, rehabilitate a region to its natural state. Recovery, however, is not without adverse consequences to the existing regimes and full restoration may take many years.

To Kill a Mockingbird Quote Analysis

Reading Log: To Kill a Mockingbird, Chapters 5-7 â€Å"Then I saw the shadow†¦the shadow of a man with a hat on†¦the shadow, crisp and toast moved across the porch towards Jem.. When it crossed Jem†¦ he went rigid. † (53) The context of this quote is during their sneaky trip to Boo Radley’s house. This was the last day Dill was going to stay in Maycomb for this year, so they decided to take a quick peek at Radley Place by creeping around the house and looking through the side windows. As they are take a quick peek, the see the shadow of what they think is Boo with a hat on. They go numb with fear, and run for it.As they are leaving the area from under a fence, they hear a shotgun go off from Radley Place. The quote of narration from Scout accurately describes the kind of fear that the neighborhood legends give to the kids. The description, â€Å" He (Jem) put his arms over his head and went rigid† (53), shows how bloated up of a character Boo Radle y is. They do not even know if this shadow is Boo, however they are frozen with fear. However, after this event occurs, the little gifts that begin to appear in the tree leads the reader to make an educated guess that it is Boo Radley who is constantly giving these gifts.Since they used deductive reasoning to believe that it couldn’t have been Miss Maudie or any other person in Maycomb, they only other person in their neighborhood that came to mind was Boo Radley. Also, to enforce their conclusion that it was Boo Radley who was giving the gifts was when Nathan Radley cemented the hole in the tree. The series of gifts ending up in the tree molded Boo’s character into a more human-like personality. Miss. Maudie also told Scout that Boo used to be a nice boy who only became supposedly â€Å"insane† because of his family.She stated that Boo’s family was extremely religious and drove Boo insane when his father was constantly obsessed with â€Å"sin†. Sc out now has more sympathy for Boo, who is now a poor man who was abused as child, rather than a freak of nature who eats squirrels. Boo symbolizes the growth of Scout more mature perspective of the world. The quote represents Scouts (as well as Jem’s and Dill’s) childish mentality, and sets the framework for Scouts growth of maturity. I have a story that is eerily similar to this one. Several blocks down, we had a lady who never came out of the house.The legend in our townhome complex was that two of the kids only saw her face once, and she yelled at them the moment she saw them. She also supposedly looked like a witch, which was definitely a credible description for us 8 year-olds. Soon enough, we set out to see her face once more. The whole pack of us, about 6 people, stood in front of her house while one of us rang the doorbell several times consecutively to bait her out of her house. As we starting sprinting for our lives, we heard the loudest yelling we had ever h eard.Our fear of her had spiked up exponentially. But obviously, we needed to this again tomorrow. Same plan, same time, and we went underway. However, this time, we decided to hide behind some bushes adjacent to her house. Fifteen seconds later, she came out in a wheelchair with an oxygen tank beneath her. Our fear had turned to shame and sympathy immediately. The lie of her looking like a witch represents the legends of Boo having fangs and eating cats, and the sympathy we had for this lady in her wheelchair represents Boo having an abusive family as a child.

How to Choose the Best ACT Test Locations

How to Choose the Best ACT Test Locations SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips We all want to max out brainpower on the day of the ACT. But what can help, besides studying? One factor worth considering is where you take the test. You want a place that allows you to focus completely on the test without other anxieties, concerns or discomfort. And guess where a lot of test-day anxieties, concerns and discomfort can come from? That's right, they can be direct results of choosing a distracting or inconvenient testing center. In this article, we give you all the information you need to make the right decision about which of all ACT test centers to choose In this article, we’ll cover how you find the ACT locations administering the test. Then, we’ll discuss the important factors you need to consider to choosing your test location. Finally, we’ll give you a few tips and reminders you might not have known about test centers. How Do I Find Which Locations Are Near Me? There are two ways to find test locations. 1) Use the ACT'sSearch Toolto Find a Test Center Near You I recommend that on this form you search by state, and not by city. If you enter the city, you’ll only receive schools for that exact city, not neighboring areas. You’ll see a list of cities and center names. When you click on the addition sign, you'll see the center code and the dates the ACT is offered at that center. Not all centers have all test dates, so make sure you plan ahead! 2) Start Registering for the Test You don't need to go through with the whole registration, and they won't charge you for it. You’ll need to log into your ACT account, and then click the link to register for the test. This will take you through many questionnaires. Finally, when you get to Test Date, choose your intended test date. Go through a few more pages, and you’ll get to the Test Center. On this page, you’ll be able to enter a Zip Code, and the ACT will conveniently show all ACT testing centers within 25 miles. It’s unclear why they don’t make the zip code search available publicly without registering for the test. Which ACT Test Location Should I Choose? Your best choice of ACT test locations depends on a number of factors. In order of importance: How long does it take to get there? How familiar are you with the location and layout? Will you know a lot of people at that location? How will that affect you? Are there known aspects about the location that make it problematic? Let’s cover each in order. How Long Does It Take to Get There? Timing is the primary concern when choosing the test location. Because the ACT requires that you arrive by 8AM sharp, you’ll need to wake up early to get to the test location. For example, if it takes you an hour to drive to the test location, you’ll likely need to wake up around 6AM to have enough time to get energized, eat breakfast, and arrive at the site with time to spare. Keep in mind that the longer you have to travel, the more variability there will be in your arrival time – a 10 minute drive might be delayed only by 5 minutes, but a 60 minute drive can be delayed by 30 minutes. Recommendation: generally try to choose locations that are closer to where you live. How Familiar Are You With the Location and Layout? Knowing exactly how to get to the ACT test center is an advantage. The morning of the test, you want as little distraction as possible when getting yourself in the mindset for acing the test. If you’re driving to an unknown location, you might run into unexpected traffic or construction, and you might confuse directions. This can cause anxiety that might not wear off until well into the test. Similarly, knowing the layout of the test center is helpful during bathroom breaks. Because breaks are tightly regulated in time, getting lost in the hallways of a school can be damaging to your concentration. Test centers at high schools typically use only a small portion of the school for testing, so it’s possible for you to lose your way if you’re unfamiliar with the location. Recommendation: Try to choose a location that you’re familiar with. If you must choose an unfamiliar location, try to scope it out beforehand, or budget extra time to get there and know the layout. Will You Know a Lot of People at That Location? How Will That Affect You? If you choose your local high school like most students, you’ll likely run into a lot of people you know. People respond very differently to this. To some, being around friends is helpful. It relieves the stress of the situation, and chatting casually during breaks might help them feel less nervous. To these people, going to an unfamiliar location with strangers causes additional stress. To others, the opposite is true - being around friends for the ACT is stressful. You might want as little distraction as possible, and talking to your friends might take your head out of the game. You want to concentrate silently during breaks, but you don’t want to give the impression that you’re rudely brushing off your friends. Plus, what if you take the test in the same room as your crush? It might be hard to take the test without sneaking glances at the person. Which group do you fit into? Each person is different, so act accordingly. Recommendation: If being around friends on test day is helpful, register at your high school. If it’s stressful, register elsewhere, keeping in mind the location and layout factors above. Are There Known Issues at the Location That Bother You? You’ll usually only know this ahead of time if you’re thinking about taking it at your high school. Here are things that you might worry about: Temperature control: do you know if the location can maintain a temperature that’s comfortable for you? Windows: do you tend to feel claustrophobic in this location, and might the presence of windows help? Testing environment: do you know if the location has noises, smells, or other factors that might be distracting? Do you tend to focus at school or drift off? Recommendation: Avoid testing centers with known problems that bother you. All these factors bring us to one important question that affect most students: Should You Take the ACT at Your High School? This is the default choice of most test takers, because it happens to be convenient. Some students don’t have this choice because their high school doesn’t offer the ACT – in this case, follow the guidelines above. But if you are able to take the ACT at your high school, don’t just assume this is the best option. You should NOT take the ACT at your high school if: There’s another testing location that is substantially closer to your home (saving more than 10 minutes of transit time) Testing around people you know stresses you out and can throw off your concentration You know there are problems at your school, like bad temperature control, uneven desks, or others. Other Tips and Facts Your test center may be changed before the test. If the ACT doesn’t have enough registered students at your chosen test center, they will reassign you to a different location you didn’t expect. Your test might even get rescheduled due to bad weather or other factors. If the location is unfamiliar, consider visiting it days before the test. You’ll practice getting to the location quickly, and you can take a brief look around so the environment is familiar the day of the test. If you have to choose a test center far away (30 minutes or more), here are some tips. Wake up earlier to give yourself buffer time in case problems happen. Prepare a breakfast to eat on the way, and notes to review on the way there. If music relaxes you, listen to it along the way. You can change your location, but it’ll cost you. If you make the change by the registration deadline, there’s a $23 fee. If you change it after your late registration deadline, your only option is to request standby testing, at which point you might as well take it at your original location. What's Next? Now that you know where to take the ACT, learn WHEN to take it. Find out the best ACT test dates and how you should schedule your tests. What's a good ACT score for you? Read this guide to figure out what score you need to aim for. Want to improve by 4 points or more on the ACT? Click below to get our free guide to 5 strategies you must remember to make big improvements on the ACT. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! 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Internal Pressure Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Internal Pressure - Lab Report Example We will do this by graphing experimental results versus theoretical calculations. We will take into account the error of the measuring system. We will also investigate the role gauge factor, Young's Modulus, and Poisson's ratio play in the effects on strain with pressure. Finally, we will project the outcome of the experiment on the cylinder as the pressure increases to some unknown large finite threshold. If one were to think of this as in a cylindrical coordinate system, the longitudinal strain would be that acting in the Z direction whereas the cirucumferential (otherwise known as the tangential or lateral) strain would be acting in the direction of theta and not radially. both ends eliminating any longitudinal stress or strain. Our case consists of the second case of a thin cylinder with closed ends. In a thin cylinder with closed ends, longitudinal stresses and strains exist, and both circumferential and longitudinal strains depend on both stresses respectively. The use of a hand pump allows one to make step measurements of strain at each increment of pressure provided by the hand pump. Each step measurement has a corresponding data point in the table of results. A bourdon gauge is used because it has a tube you can insert inside the cylinder that has the capacity to expand with increasing pressure. The gauge measures the change in its own resistance delta R, and this delta R measured is directly proportional to the respective strain as well as the original resistance R. The gauge factor is a constant of proportionality between the strain and R, and delta R. The gauge factor of 2.06 is a very typical value for gauge factors. Annealed aluminium is a somewhat ductile or soft metal. Using annealed aluminium is responsible for a somewhat low value of the Young's modulus. The Young's modulus of a substance is a measure of the stiffness of that material. The lower E is, the higher the strains will be. Therefore annealed aluminium results in larger strains making it easier to detect and record the measured strain. Once strain is determined its value can be

Site-directed mutagenesis of gene sequences in cells of plants, Essay

Site-directed mutagenesis of gene sequences in cells of plants, insects and animals can be achieved in situ used engineered zinc - Essay Example The ability to generate new DNA molecules and the process of inserting it into the genome to correct the diseases are the biomedical research nowadays. This type of modification of the cellular phenotype has become the back bone for the biomedical research. Knowing the position and the reading frame of the genes will help us to identify the nonsense mutants by the ochre suppressors. These non sense mutants are highlighted and this will help us for an efficient screening for silent mutants. The small oligonucleotides containing 7 nucleotides in length can be used to form stable duplexes with the single stranded DNA. (Jensen et al. 2011). These duplexes are stable even with a mismatch. This led to the introduction of oligonucleotide mutagenesis. The emergence of site directed mutagenesis as an analytical tool in the in the year 1985 was a mile stone in the field of molecular biology. (Herzog and Zolotukhin 2010). Site directed mutagenesis is widely used for the study of the protein fun ctions. The mutation at a defined site of the DNA leads to the change of an amino acid specific to a protein and this leads to the alteration of the protein molecules. Two methods of site directed mutagenesis can be used. The first one is overlapping method and the second one is called as whole round second round PCR. They create modified DNA sequences that are used to study the importance of the specific residues in protein structure and function. Protein engineering and altered protein substrate activity can be achieved using Site directed mutagenesis. PCR based Site directed mutagenesis is the most common method where the desired mutation is carried in one of the primer and annealed to the site of interest. Two cycles of PCR are carried out for insertion of mutation. (Lloyd 2005). Fig 1: Methods available to site specifically modify a genome target. (Herzog and Zolotukhin 2010). Zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) is a dimeric protein with each monomer having a zinc finger array (contains three or four zinc fingers). They are artificial restriction enzymes that have a lot of application in plants and animals. These zinc fingers (Cys 2 Hys 2) are arranged in the ? ? ? – fold ( beta- beta- alpha folding ) which is coordinated by the Zn+ ion and has the non specific cleavage site. (Gupta et al. 2011).These zinc finger arrays are bound to the cleavage site of the type II restriction endonuclease enzyme, Fok I. Fok l is responsible for the cleavage function of the Type II endonuclease. (Gupta et al. 2011).The dimerization of the cleavage domain is much essential for the enzyme activity. If the zinc finger array is engineered to bind to some specific site of the genome, then Fok l will perform the cutting action at that site. This double stranded break can be utilized for the site directed mutagenesis for protein engineering. This break is then repaired by using either homologous recombination (HR) or non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) technique. The HR requires ext ensive homology between the strands whereas NHEJ does not require any homology and the repair at the targeted site usually results in the mutation. (Herzog and Zolotukhin 2010). Because of this reason NHEJ is used in the site directed mutagenesis associated with the ZFNs. ZFN mediated gene modification will produce cell lines to contain biallelic knock outs. If ZFN targeted gene modificat

Case Study-Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Case Study-Law - Essay Example The signing of the terms and conditions for hire also includes the hirer’s conformity to UTS’ policy on the expression or manifestation of religious, political, and such other beliefs, ideas and values practiced in UTS (University of Technology Sydney, 2006). Even though the venue booking has been approved beforehand, the UTS may still cancel such an application without notice if there are â€Å"extraordinary or unusual circumstances† which necessitate such cancellation (University of Technology Sydney, 2006). The University, however, will make an effort to find a substitute venue if the cancellation of the booking was without the fault of the hirer (University of Technology Sydney, 2006). Cancellation made by the hirer of the dinner 24 hours before the event takes place, shall result in the payment and liability for a cancellation fee equaling to a hundred percent of the total hire and event fee as stated in the terms and conditions (University of Technology Sydney, 2006). In terms of displaying promotional material on the window of the venue, the terms and conditions of hire states that there must be an approval first of the University or an express permission made, without which, any advertisement, poster, handbill or other form of announcement or statement should not be placed on any structure or natural feature of the campus including windows (University of Technology Sydney, 2006). In using sound and audiovisual equipment, authorization must first be given by the University, especially when used in the said premises (University of Technology Sydney, 2006). Aside from this, the details regarding the amplification of the equipment should be described by the applicants in detail so that the appropriate provisions can be made, details of which include the utility connections and facilities for loudspeakers, speaker’s or performer’s location, control of decibel level and others (University of Technology Sydney, 2006). Prior

Organizational Behavior at My Company Essay Example for Free

Organizational Behavior at My Company Essay To understand how the concept of organizational behavior can be applied and described through the work environment of My Company, I will first explore a general definition of what Organizational Behavior is and then relate how the individual components apply. According to Stephen Robbins, author of our Organizational Behavior textbook, Organizational behavior is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organizations effectiveness(9). The first component of this definition is to see the impact that the individuals have, followed by the impact of the groups, and then finally the impact of the structure. I will expand on each of these areas and relate them to the current practices within My Company. It is probable that the single most prevalent aspect of organizational behavior through the eyes of an employee would be the impact that they personally have on the company. What this implies, is that when I try to describe the impact individuals have to the company, it will be solely from my perspective as a non-managerial employee. Had my perspective been from that of an employee in a management-level position, it would most likely differ. From the experiences that I have had in the two and a half years that I have worked at My Company, it seems to me that individuals are encouraged to take the initiative to make their work as productive as possible. I have been part of many changes that have been initiated by non-management level employees to try and streamline and improve efficiencies within the company. This has led me to believe that one of the in-use espoused values is that of empowering all levels of employees with the ability to make changes that will directly affect their p articular areas. When evaluating the group component and how that relates to the My Company environment, I am going to make the assumption that a group is the equivalent of a department. These departmental segregations help to increase internal accountability and define what each group will be responsible for. Each group has its own independent structure and operates a little differently depending on the style of the individual manager. Many of these groups (departments) can be broken down into subgroups to further delegate  components of work. The outcome is that within each department or group there is a hierarchy where you will find different forms of leadership. Some of these subgroup leaders lead by being experts in their fields rather than having a title of being a manager. Within my group there is a distinct leader that I work for. I have found that if I am struggling with a project or if I cannot define the scope of a job that I am working on often times I can rely on help from the leader of my group to help achieve the desired results. If for some reason components (individuals) within my subgroup started to perform poorly, the outcome could have serious consequences to the productivity of our entire department. Conversely, if we were able to drastically improve performance metrics for our areas of responsibility, we would then be able to offset some work from other areas within the group. This interdependence of the subgroups has helped our group to have more control of the aspects that will impact how productively the company will continue to be going forward. Through the process of defining the groups within My Company, I have made reference to the internal group structure. Instead of rehashing this same information and tying it back to the structural component mentioned in the definition of organizational behavior, I am going to relate how my manager is able to structure her team to be as effective and productive as possible. Looking through the four essential management functions (Robbins 5) defined in our reading material, (planning, organizing, leading and controlling) I am able to see how my manager struggles to constantly apply these ideas in her day to day responsibilities. Our group organizes weekly meetings where we try to plan what tasks we would like to undertake in the near future. My manager is responsible for keeping these meetings in focus so that overall group objectives are met. Through controlling and delegating within these meetings, she has shown the ability to lead our group and utilize different strengths of individuals to maximize our effectiveness. Being able to take more of an observational role in this situation has helped me to understand the different idiosyncrasies that exist within our company and department. By identifying these quirks I feel that I am able to better understand how many of the different internal components and people must work together in order to achieve desired results. This has helped me to recognize, at least  at the group level, how one can utilize many of the resources to maximize efficiencies within My Company. Works Cited Robbins, Stephen. Organizational Behavior. New Jersey: Pearson, 2001.

Analysing Slavery in Mark Twains Writing

Analysing Slavery in Mark Twains Writing INTRODUCTION According to widely held view on slavery, it is has been acknowledged that it is ‘a virtually universal feature of human history that has preserved up to nowadays.   As absolute proof of old origins of slavery accounts to the fact that there are written documents survived from ancient times as written in e.g., the Code of Hammurabi and The Old Testament showing that slavery was established in the early civilizations. As to present days, the United Nations (hereafter UN) reports reveal a ‘huge   number of women, children and men being exploited and forced into slavery ranging from at least eight hundred- thousand to three million people trafficked annually. Therefore, globalization has brought not only positive cultural exchanges, but also endemic slavery around the world, raising a discussion of tackling and eliminating this painful issue. Concerning the term ‘slavery, it denotes much of negativism and violence e.g., torture, kidnap, murder, inferiority, punishment as well as ‘the wilful destruction of human mind and spirit (Bales, 2005:6). Nevertheless, the historians (Bales:2005;David:2004; Kopytoff:1977) describe that slaves throughout human history have been treated as inferior, uncivilized and bestialized e.g., Mark Twains story ‘The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn portrays the Southerners vision of   a runaway slave who is perceived as superstitious, uneducated and perhaps violent thing: merely a human in their view. This helps to explain the hostile or negative feelings, attitudes and actions towards one ethnic group of people, in this case a white persons disdain and superiority overblack person. The superiority of white or Caucasian race derives from times of slavery as the historian Kevin Bales (2005:7) states slavery can damage peoples mind, namely, (1) slaves; (2) slaveholders and (3) members of society who live this system. As to Bales (ibid), such society accepts dehumanization of a person that allow prospering slavery around the globe. Thus, we can observe that slavery has remerged not only in many different times throughout human history, but also is present in our times. This research paper aims at illustrating a link between past and present displayed in Mark Twains literary works. They reveal that slavery in the South can be perceived as a ghost of the past, which has been equally haunting African Americans and Caucasian race. As a result, the past has widened a gap between those two races in America. William Faulkner has said that ‘only with Twain, Walt Whitman became a true indigenous American culture (quoted in Hutchinson, 1998:80). Mark Twain who was born and raised in the Americas South was the pioneer of displaying the spoken language, the very American language in literature that is characterized as   vivid, but with sardonic humour, neat aphorism. It has to be mentioned that Mark Twain is regarded as a complex personality; since he managed to contradict himself not only in a real life, but also in his writings. The subject of the bachelor thesis is institution of slavery in Mark Twains works.   In other words, the paper investigates aspects and issue of slavery described in Mark Twains writings, including ‘The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884-85) and ‘A True Story, Repeated for Word, as I heard It (1874) which are set in the pre Civil War society of American South-West. The aim of the paper is to gain a comprehensive picture of slavery from Mark Twains works. The objectives of the research paper the task is to select and to review the most common images of slavery presented   in Twains writings by such   characters as   Aunt Rachel, Jim   and Huck Finn to make the use of a study of history i.e. Slavery in America , but   take into account   Mark Twains personal view on slavery to analyse the images of slavery using   the writers stories to test the results   i.e. to   compare those two different images of slavery i.e. literary works and official   history of slavery to draw the relevant conclusions taking into account both his   writings and the   historical context. Hypothesis: Mark Twains literary works imply personal responsibility and awareness on such complex issue as slavery, but problems of slavery cannot be viewed separately from historical context.   Methods of research case study: analysis of such   historical works on slavery   written by Suzzane Miers, Igor Kopytoff, Christine   Hatt,Robert McColley and others analysis of two Mark   Twains   stories Juxtaposition: to contrast and compare those two different images of slavery, namely, historical and literary description of slavery. The author of the paper has chosen the case study as a research method for a number of reasons. First of all, case study research allow us better understanding a complex issue or object and this method of study is especially useful for testing theory by using it in real world situations. Secondly, a case study is an in depth study of a particular situation. It is a method used to narrow down a very broad field of research into one easily researchable topic.   Finally, it provides a structural way of looking at events, collecting data, analyzing information, and reporting the results. As a result, the researcher may get a better understanding of why the event happened as it did, and what is important to look at more closely in the future. The first chapter deals with the history of racism and the concept of racism. The second chapter provides an insight into understanding of slavery and deals with the issue of institution of slavery in the USA. The third one and its subchapters deal with issues of   slavery, namely, they show how   slavery is depicted   in Twains literary work Huckleberry Finn and provide a brief insight into history of slavery in America and explores A True story and Aunts Rachel point of view of slavery. 1 THE HISTORY OF RACISM AND ITS CONCEPT This chapter deals with the history and the concept of racism. Racism is a subject that most people, at least in Western societies, have their own opinion on and it is as old as civilization, it continues to be an important factor in society today. Alana Lentin (2011) claims that racism is a political phenomenon rather than a mere set of ideas. To analyze racism it is necessary to go beyond the texts of racial scientists and to look at how certain political conditions during particular historical contexts led to some of the ideas proposed by racial theorists being integrated into political practices of nation-states. There are three aspects the political nature of racism, its modernity and its grounding in the history of the West that are fundamental to understanding racisms hold over contemporary Western societies. It is very important as well to look at the statements, what a race is. According to Ivan Hannaford (1996), the word race as used in Western languages is first found as late as the period 1200 1500. Only in the seventeenth century did it take on a separate meaning from the Latin word gens or clan and was related to the concept â€Å"ethnic group†. In other words the dispositions and presuppositions of race and ethnicity were introduced some would say â€Å"invented† or â€Å"fabricated† in modern times and in any case, were not given the meaning they have today until after the French and American revolutions. The reason why the notion of race became such a powerful and attractive idea is due to the â€Å"deliberate manipulation† of texts by scientists and historians to show that a racial order has always structured humanity (Hannaford 1996: 4). There was a definite division of the periods over which the idea of race developed. Hannaford divides it into three stages: 1684 1815, 1815 1870 and 1870 1914. The final period is known as the â€Å"Golden Age† of racism, it was a time when it was possible for the British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli to proclaim that race is all and there was no other truth. (ibid, 1996). As Alana Lentin (2011) states the word â€Å"race† was first used in its modern sense in 1684, when a Frenchman published his essay, where race stood for divisions among humans based on observable physical differences. At this stage race was used a simple descriptor and there was no intention of superiority meant by presenting humanity in this way (2011). Hannaford (1996) states that Western scholars later started to think about that it means to be human that fundamentally changed the way people thought about the origins of human life, the universe and society. It is the bases for the way we think about these things to this day. The most significant changes were in fact that theological explanations about life were replaced by logical description. (Hannaford, 1996: 187). Lentin Alan (2011) considers that many people do not ask nowadays why racism is apparently so important, despite the end of colonialism, slavery and the Holocaust, the answer is that it is natural. Racism has entered into everyday speech and therefore in our consciousness. The idea of racism is so widespread that we easily mistake it for something that is just there, a fact of life. Racism is associated with the fear and even hatred that human beings are commonly expected to have for each other. Fear based on racism is inherent and there is no need to ask why it exists (2011). As Neil Macmaster reminds us that racism is always a dynamic process, a set of beliefs and practices that is imbedded in a particular historical context, a particular social formation, and is thus continuously undergoing change, a plastic chameleon like phenomenon which constantly finds new forms of political, social, cultural or linguistic expression (2001: 2). Lentin (2011) refers to race in descriptive terms, it takes account of racionalization. Racionalization is the process through which the supposed inferiority of black, colonized and non-whites is constructed. Todays global racism divides the rich and the poor worlds and is no longer a simple black and white issue. Racionalization involves endowing the traditions and lifestyles that are attributed to groups of different â€Å"others† with negative signifiers (2011). According to Alan Lentin (2011), the development of a radicalized discourse about a group of people provides justification for their discrimination. It puts into words the very thing about a particular group that is said to disturb us and pose a threat to our way of life. The fact that racionalization and racism are repeated, affecting different groups over time, does not mean that racism is inevitable. Rather, it shows that considerable transformations of our political systems, our social and cultural infrastructur e, and our discourse the very way in which language is used needs to change if racism in Western societies is to be overcome (2011:10). Memmi (2000) investigates racism as social pathology a cultural disease that prevails because it allows one part of society to empower itself at the expense of another. For Memmi, racism emerges from within human situations, rather than simply as the enforcement of an ideology, or the â€Å"natural† belief some people have according their innate superiority. Racism is a charge, like a judicial accusation that is levied against somebody, who is indicated as being in some manner (racially) different. It implies that the other has, in being different, somehow broken certain assumed rules, and is thus not a good person. Thus the person is devalued and disparaged and he suffers from it. The indictment, however, is unfounded and unjust, and the accused is thus the victim of an injustice. As well Memmi (2000) states that in France, reference to â€Å"le raciste† in a   third person nominative mode, as to some unspecified person who behaves in a particular way, upholding cer tain ideas and attitude, would call up a more or less familiar picture, bur in the United States it would not really be as clear. It is a nation in which white racism is wholly generalized and integrated into political and social life. Though it may be invisible in everyday life, it can see by White people through accepting themselves without question as white. Thus racism moves beyond individual prejudice to engage broader questions of collective behaviour and social responsibility. As it can be seen, the topic of racism is very broad. Some people would say that racism is just based on prejudices but some would say that it is something that people are born into, and they are not able to fight against it, nor break out of their social status. People who are in such situations, are born into a situation where they do not have an unfair disadvantage when trying to move out of their social status and thus fall into a category that can make them more susceptible to racial prejudice and ideologies. The next subchapter will have a closer look at types of racism.    1.1 TYPES OF RACISM The current subchapter aims at giving additional conceptions   of   the term ‘racism as well as outlining   basic types of racism proposed by several authorities(Reilly, Kaufman, Bodino:2003)(Fredrickson:2002). The given section suggests that there is obvious correlation between racism and slavery. The website on racism ‘Anti-Defamation League defines racism as ‘the belief that a particular race is superior or inferior to another as well as that a persons social and moral traits are predetermined by his or her inborn biological characteristics. According to Reilly, Kaufman and Bodino (2003:9), race has no basic biological reality, because all we see is just a colour or different texture of hair or shape of eyes, but it does not have any decisive influence over a persons intelligence or other traits. As a result, ‘misconceptions about race have lead to forms of racism that have caused much social, psychological and social harm (Reilly et.al.2003:10). Additionally, Frederickson points out (2002:1) that ‘racism that is the antipathy of one group towards another that ‘can be expressed and acted upon with a single mindedness and brutality. Nevertheless, the same experts describe racism as prejudice or discrimination against other people because of their race, due to their biology or ancestry and physical appearance. This pattern is clearly visible in Twains work ‘The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn when a slave named Jim runs away from his owner, whereas the whole city spreads out the rumours about him having killed Hucks father. Their assumption is based on prejudice that all black people are savages, violent and ca not be trusted. Thus, their attitude towards, slaves can be described as racism, because they judged those people, due to their ancestry and physical appearance. Although the term racism first came into common usage in 1930ies (as stated in the book ‘A Racism: a short history) (Fredercikson, 2002:5), the act of discrimination is still there i.e. while reading   Twains literary works we can perceive how coloured people were treated in the American South. This attitude or and approach of white superiority overwhelm the Southern society at the time when Huck Finn was embarking in his famous adventures on Mississippi river. A great deal of harm has been done to generations and in this particular case to Jim, Aunt Rachel and Huck Finn. The pain and burden of slavery of these characters are depicted in chapter three. As to types of racism, the website on American Research and Geography called ‘Amerigis provides detailed information on types of racism. The types are as follows: Historical, Scientific, New, Spatial, Institutional, Internalized and Individual. The online resource stated above claims that racism looks different today from it did thirty years ago. The author of the current paper finds important to mention that racism back in 19th century was blatant and caused so much pain and injustice to black race. Thus, the graduate proposes the idea that discrimination and injustice has derived from the time when slavery was acceptable even more it was the cornerstone of the Souths vision of sound social order.   The author of BA thesis asserts that such blatant discrimination has never been experienced in human history as it was back in early 19th century; it was the root of all evil caused to black race. The classification of racism is based on several resources such as the Internet resource mentioned above, and three publications on racism The types are as follows: Cultural racism According to Belgrave et al(2010:104)   cultural racism is expressed as assumed superiority of a language or dialect, values, beliefs, worldviews and cultural   heritage e.g., in the novel ‘Huckleberry Finn the slave named Jim is regarded as superstitious person whose beliefs and values are regarded as infantile   even compare to young white   lad like Tom Sawyer. Individual Racism The same scholar (ibid) explains that individual racism has the same meaning and features as of racial prejudice i.e. it assumes the superiority of ones own racial group and justifies its domination and power over other race. For example, when Pap Finn gets all furious about a ‘white shirted free nigger to right to vote, because he holds the view that black   race has no right to   freedom nor participate in elections.   As he states ‘they told me there was a State in this country where theyd let that nigger vote, [ thus he determines ] , ‘Ill never vote agin as long as I live. Institutional Racism The Internet source ‘American research and geographic information system point to „white privilege† that frequently is hidden, because it has become internalized and integrated as part of ones outlook on the world by custom, habit and tradition. For example,   concerning antebellum society in the South of America if a white person helps a runaway slave towards freedom, ‘and in doing so he violets the laws of man, and he believes the laws of God (Hutchinson, 1998:130). The fact of helping slave that according to the Southerner rules is a deadly sin that sends a sinner into flames of hell. This points out that the church played a great role in peoples lives whereas any person who would disobey the given rule would be perceived as danger to their moral social order in the South. As a result, the southern upbringing does not allow Huck Finn to show his sympathy towards Jim, a runaway slave. Slavery functioned as main social moral and religious issue in the South. The preceding sentences and extracts from Twains writings show that social order had a tremendous impact over members of the Southern society at the given time.   Nevertheless, at that time there were no subtle forms or hidden ways of showing ones hate towards other race, unlike today where many people express their hate via the Internet. On the contrary, it was impossible to show sympathy towards a slave e.g., the runway slave Jim who has abused the system and has sinned against the owner Miss Watson, arises the question to Huck whether he deserves his freedom. Additionally The psychologists Bhattacharya, Cross, Bhugra (2010:41) also give the classification racism based on the analysis of human behavior under certain circumstances, namely, being   exposed to people of other ethnicities in our global world. The author of the BA thesis will highlight the types which can be found in the following works ‘The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and ‘A True Story, Repeated for Word, as I heard It dominative when a person acts out;   aversive when a person feels superior , but is unable to act; regressive when a personsdue to his or her view on racism behaves regressively; pre-reflecting when a person has fear of strangers; post reflecting when a person justifies his fear of strangers; The study on racism shows that it involves biased judgments on humans and their action e.g., racist determines what is good, correct, beautiful, sane, normal. Nevertheless, the historians and other experts of this field (Fredercikson, 2002), (Reilly, Kaufman, Bodino: 2003), (Carol: 1987) agree upon the view that   racism and the same slavery is seen as ideology, as practice as social structure. Whereas, Mark Twains writings reflect on slavery as doctrine, practice and social cornerstone of the America South in antebellum society that has brought so much injustice and pain, as well. The next subchapter will explore the ideology of racism. 1.2 IDEOLOGY OF RACISM The chapter gives an insight into the ideology of racism as it is an important matter discussed, portrayed in history books and literature. Ideology is a body of beliefs that drives the goals and expectations of an individual or a group. According to Martin N. Marger (2006) â€Å"As a belief system, or ideology, racism is structured around three basic ideas: Humans are divided naturally into different physical types. Such physical traits as people display are intrinsically related to their culture, personality, and intelligence. The differences among groups are innate, not subject to change, and in the basis of their genetic inheritance, some groups are innately superior to others† (Marger 2006:19). Thus, racism is a belief that people are divided into hereditary groups that are different in their social behaviour. Racist thinking states that differences among groups are innate.   Carol Brunson argues that â€Å"the ideology of racism prescribes the parameters for perceiving social reality thereby defining guidelines for â€Å"desirable† interracial behaviour. Once the members of society are imbued with racist thinking, they will not only perceive their institutions as natural, they will voluntarily carry out institutional mandates as of they are a function of their own individual choice† (Carol Brunson, 1987:17). According to the authors of the books on the ideology of race it can be seen that it is powerful and it persists in different forms of expression. Robert Miles work â€Å"Racism† is an essential reminder that racism is the object of ideological and discursive labouring. Robert Miles argues â€Å"Racism is best conceived primarily as an ideology for at least one other reason. Racism, qua ideology, was created historically and became interdependent with the ideology of nationalism. The argument that racism is a form of ideology is important and worth repeating† (Robert Miles, 2003:10). When it comes to ideological components assumptions of racism, Carol Brunson holds the following viewpoint: â€Å"Racist institutions not only create the structural conditions for racism, but also create a culturally sanctioned ideology that keeps the system operating. Racist ideology is a set of notions that ascribe central importance to real or presumed biological, cultural, and psychological differences among racial groups, attributing the arrangement of both historic and current social systems to these differences† (Carol Brunson, 1987:15). While ideological and cultural arguments are two pillars that support racism, one or other may be in the forefront at any given time. Stephen Gould states two assumptions of biologically based racist ideology: Humans are classifiable into discrete, hierarchically ranked biological groups (with whites at the top). Differences among the races reflect the natural and/or ordained order and therefore are eternally fixed (Gould, 1981:45). Besides this biological argument, there exists also cultural argument, explaining the realities of the lives of people of colour. William Ryan (1976) defined blaming the victim as an ideological stance that locates the origins of social problems. Ryan identified four steps in victim blaming process. Locating social problem and population affected by it, comparison of values and behaviour of people affected by the social problem, locating the source off the problem in how the affected people are different from the successful ones, initiation of treatment that would change the affected people (Ryan, 1976).Victim blaming therefore provides a framework for explaining the problems of people of colour. It is also a framework for strategies to ameliorate the position of people of colour in our society.   Many people learn about the ideology of racism and families, schools and media contribute to this education. They learn and behave according to the dictates of racist ideology. Carol Brun son argues that very early, children of all backgrounds learn stereotypes about other groups regardless of whether they have contact with actual people (Carol Brunson, 1987:18). These stereotypes later shape peoples reality and they start judging and interpreting ideas and behaviours by their learnt stereotypes. Each persons own judgement is not harmful but over time the prejudices may become poisonous and damaging.   As it can be seen, there appear new arguments of racism and its ideology, justifying institutional, cultural and individual racism. While these new faces and arguments of racism try to cover the problem, racism and racist ideology are alive and existent in America. Racism affects us as individuals and the choices that we make in responding to it. Anti-racism education should require an immediate focus on each individual. The goal of the anti-racism education should be generation of development of individual consciousness, enabling people to become active initiators of the change in perception of racism. All people should be responsible for transformation of racism ideology. However, the situation is difficult because, while groups keep racism alive, the responsibility is not equally positioned. Yet, racism has always gone hand in hand with slavery, and it is a precedent to slavery. Racism is evil. It is not a social problem that will gradually disappear through education and legislation. These alleviate the symptoms, but no more than that. The only cure is in understanding that evil is real. In the words of Jeffrey Burton Russell, The essence of evil is abuse of a sentient being, a being that can feel pain. It is the pain that matters. Evil is grasped by the mind immediately and immediately felt by the emotions; it is sensed as hurt deliberately inflicted. The existence of evil requires no further proof: I am; therefore I suffer evil. The definition implies two things: One, that every human being suffers evil. Two, every human being inflicts evil. Thus, the essence of the human condition is in how we live with evil. Of necessity, then, evil has two faces one is individual, the other is collective. That we as individuals will and do commit evil is unavoidable. Our efforts not to do evil, however, need the support of a collective, i.e. a society that not only recognizes evil but condemns it. In contemporary America, In her Gifford lectures, Hannah Arendt said: As citizens, we must prevent wrong-doing because the world in which we all live, wrong-doer, wrong-sufferer, and spectator, is at stake; the City has been wronged.We could almost define a crime as that transgression of the law that demands punishment regardless of the one who has been wronged.the law of the land permits no option because it is the community as a whole that has been violated. America is struggling to reach a consensus that racism violates the community as a whole. It cannot do so as long as blacks are still excluded from a sense of community. Blacks have no doubts or questions about their humanity and thus are made to suffer evil, an evil that is still not obvious to the white majority. Racism is an act of evil but white people do not hear the moaning of the wounded or the death rattles of the dying. The evil of slavery, the evil of the Holocaust are written large. So much so that many are in danger of thinking that these cataclysms are the only ways in which racist evil expresses itself. That is why it is both ironic and maddening that so many blacks equate anti-Semitism only with the Holocaust and thereby conclude that because they would never condone the extermination of Jews they are not and could not be anti-Semitic. Non-blacks are equally culpable when they equate racism solely with acts of violence. Because our perception of evil is limited to the dramatic, we have lost the capacity to recognize it. Evil has become so prosaic in appearance, manner and style that it is now woven into the fabric of the normal like smog, acid rain and K-mart. Hannah Arendt maintained that the horror of evil in the Third Reich was that it had lost the quality by which most people recognize it the quality of temptation. The racist evil of contemporary America is as charismatic as an empty can of cat food. In her Gifford lectures, Hannah Arendt attempted again to describe the figure of Adolf Eichmann and what had so horrified her about him: I was struck by a manifest shallowness in the doer that made it impossible to trace the incontestable evil of his deeds to any deeper level of roots or motives. The deeds were monstrous, but the doerwas quite ordinary, commonplace, and neither demonic nor monstrous. There was no sign in him of firm ideological convictions or of specific evil motives, and the only noble characteristic one could detect in his past behavior as well as his behavior during the trialwas something entirely negative: it was not stupidity but thoughtlessness.It was this absence of thinking which is so ordinary an experience in our everyday life, where we have hardly the time, let alone the inclination to stop and think that awakened my interest. Is evildoing (the sins of omission, as well as the sins of commission) possible in default of not just base motivesbut of any motives whatever, of any particular prompting of interest or volition? Is wickedness, however we may define itnot a necessary condition for evil- doing? What Arendt saw in Eichmann is true of American society. This is not a country of wicked white people imbued with a virulent racism based on some principle or other. What exists is far more distressing. Racism has become a psychological habit, a habit many wish to dislodge, but it is so ingrained that they do not know where to begin. It is imperative, however, that they look, for as Goethe wrote in Wilhem Meister, every sin avenges itself on earth. Where they must look is in themselves. Whites cannot feel the pain of blacks, Jews and women until they feel the pain they inflict on themselves by passively accepting a definition of Order that crowns whites as racially superior beings. I do not know why whites do not feel the evil they inflict on themselves because I see the evil of racism taking its revenge on a drug-addicted white society which did not care forty years ago when drugs appeared in black slums. If America had been able to feel then that black life is human, if America had been able to feel that racism is a silent evil inflicting pain as murderous to the human spirit as any weapon is to the body, it would have been alarmed and moved to alleviate the conditions that made drugs appear to be a viable alternative. If America had been able to conceive that black life is human life, thousands of white and black lives would not have been destroyed, literally and psychologically, since drugs entered white American society. I do not understand why white America cannot understand this simple principle: Everything white people do to black people, they will eventually do to each other.   The ultimate evil of racism is not in its effects, but in the inability of white people to recognize themselves in black people. This evil will continue until white people take responsibility for that which they wish was not within them, namely, evil. Ultimately, we must accept that evil is, that it is not something out there but something in here. It cannot be expunged because our humanity lies as much in our capacity to evil as