Animal Farm and the Russian Revolution of 1917 Essays

Animal Farm and the Russian Revolution of 1917 Essays Animal Farm and the Russian Revolution of 1917 Paper Animal Farm and the Russian Revolution of 1917 Paper Essay Topic: Animal Farm Animal Farm Russian Revolution George Orwell’s book Animal Farm (published in1943) is a children’s story, but when closely examined, it proves to be an allegory to the Russian Revolution. The events in the book are very closely related to the actual events from The Russian Revolution. Also, the animals (main-characters) are historically referring to the Communist leaders such as Leon Trotsky, Joseph Stalin, Karl Marx, and others. The book starts out with Old Major speaking to his fellow animals (representing the people during the Revolution). Old Major represents either V. I. Lenin or Karl Marx. Either way, he is representing the father of Communism. His speech urges the animals (â€Å"workers of the world†) to unite against their economic oppressors (humans in the book, Hitler in the Revolution). Old Major dies before he can see the way his followers carried on, as Lenin also died before he was able to witness final results of the Revolution. After Old Major (Lenin) dies, the three pigs Napoleon (Joseph Stalin), Snowball (Leon Trotsky), and Squealer (Stalin’s propagandist) develop the concept â€Å"Animalism†. This concept was really a fictional way of explaining Karl Marx’s Communist vision. This is when the animals decide to rebel and take over Manor Farm, giving it the new name Animal Farm. Every animal worked hard on the farm, and the revolt started as a success, as the Russian Revolution did. Previously, the animals had lead hard lives. Under Jones’ (Nicholas’) reign, the lives of millions of Russians got worse. The farm is overtaken from Jones, representing when Nicholas’ own generals withdrew their support of him. Nicholas left his throne hoping to avoid a civil war, but the war arrived anyway (in the form of the Bolshevik Revolution). Nicholas, like Jones, was removed from his place of rule. He died shortly after. Trotsky’s ideas were reflected when Snowball made plans to build the windmill. He thought it was the best way to put Old Major’s(Lenin/Marx) theories into practice. Trotsky’s army is also shown as the army of animals Snowball directs to get rebel against Jones. As Trotsky was exiled and killed by Stalin’s agents, Snowball was chased off the farm by Napoleon. Stalin gained powerful dictatorship; Napoleon gained powerful dictatorship. Power was valued, and cruel acts of terror and brutality broke out. Napoleon’s dogs are like Stalin’s secret police that he used to eliminate to get in complete control. Using Squealer (propaganda), Napoleon gains control and is able to affect the animal’s lives. The plan to build the windmill after all reflects Stalin’s Five Year Plan for growing the worlds industry etc. When Napoleon digs up Old Major’s skull, it represents how Stalin ordered Lenin’s body to be placed in the shrine-like tomb for Lenin. Napoleon’s starting of the Order of the Green Banner is Stalin’s starting of the Order of Lenin. The Battle of the Cowshed represents the Civil War that occurred after the Revolution. Adolf Hitler is represented by Frederick who formed an allegiance with Stalin(Napoleon), but somehow ended up fighting Stalin’s army later on. Frederick’s fake money revealed that he hadn’t been a true ally to Napoleon. Stalin’s purge is shown by Napoleon’s executions of the animals that confessed. Stalin conducted to rid himself of any possible threat, as Napoleon did in the book. As the hens began to rebel against Napoleon, so did the sailors at the Kronshdadt military base rebel against Communist rule†¦ the attempts to rebel failed. The Battle of the Windmill later on in the book reflects the U. S. S. R. ’s involvement in World War II (but more specifically the Battle of Stalingrad-1943). Stalin’s forces defeated Hitler’s (as Napoleon’s forces defeated Frederick). At the end of the book, the card game represents the Tehran Conference, where Stalin, Winston Churchill, and Franklin Roosevelt met to discuss the ways to make a lasting peace after the war. Orwell mocks that peace in the book by having Napoleon and Pilkington flatter each other and then betray their natures by cheating in the card game. Animal Farm was written to make fun of Stalins corrupt rule in Russia. It was written based on The Russian Revolution, but it definitely shows how any Revolution can go wrong and get out of hand, like in the book. MAIN THEME: â€Å"The theory of a country in which everyone is equal, free and happy is but an illusion, a deception of reality, which is, that ‘power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely’. That once tainted with the feeling of power, most will stoop to any level, and do whatever the cost to maintain that power. †

Aust. Poverty and Education essays

Aust. Poverty and Education essays Many serious issues face this country today, and two of the most important of these issues are poverty and the provision of health care and education, both in our country and worldwide. Australia is assisting in the fight against poverty in a large way, both in Australia, and on a global scale. Australias has three main objectives in health care and aid. The three objectives are to improve the basic health of those in need, to improve the quality of health service delivery in developing countries and to address the health effects of natural disasters and emergencies. In 2000-2001, Australia will provide over $170 million of assistance to developing countries in many areas around the world. It is obvious that the large majority of human death in the developing world is poverty-related. Australia has been trying to improve health standards and access to basic health services for the less fortunate groups of citizens. Developing countries are generally the world's poorer countries, which are still in the process of developing their human, physical, and technological resources in order to improve the standard of living of their people. Developed countries are the world's richer countries and are in a position to offer assistance to developing countries. Australia is obviously developed, therefore is involved in many foreign aid programs in about 130 countries. Some forms of aid that Australia provides are: Project aid for curing and vaccinating harmful diseases like malaria, improving water supplies etc. , education and training programs, technological aid in the form of equipment and expert knowledge provided for agriculture, industry and other activities as well as food aid, such as emergency food aid given if a crisis is at hand. Often emergency relief, such as food, medicines, shelter materials and clothing are donated to people affected by natural or human disasters, or war, and often distributed by non-governm...

Improving macro-organizational communication in organization Essay

Improving macro-organizational communication in organization - Essay Example But, in an organization, these workers will normally be apportioned or â€Å"structurized† into departments for better arrangement and streamlining of work. These different departments can only boost an organization by working in unison, and thereby actualizing the opportunities on offer, so they could reach their targets and the estimated profits. So, ‘working in unison’ is the key, and the ‘key’ which opens up the minds of the workers working in the department, and aid ‘unison’, is communication. That is, communication between organization’s different departments or etc will only help the workers to work as a team and help them in coordinating and concluding the given work successfully. So, this paper will analyze how to improve the macro communication in an organization using Electronics, with Harley Davidson as a guide. Providing a perfect and barrier environment to the workers will develop communication in an effective manner. For that the management should initiate new methods and if those methods are based on technology, it will surely provide optimum results. With many organizations diversifying physically with units and sister concerns being established at different places, there has to be seamless communication for the effective functioning of the organization. Same way, if an organization also concentrates on the sale or supply side of its products and services, communication need to be established between the manufacturing unit and the sale or supply side. In these situations, where physical distances could be the barrier, technology and the technological products will only break that barrier and will help to maintain the communications, thereby benefiting the organization in many ways. Among the many technological products, the electronic ones could be bring in immense benefits and we can see this by analyzing how Harley Davison used the electronic equipment of RFID to maintain

The Local Colors Writing of Kate Chopin's The Awakening Essay

The Local Colors Writing of Kate Chopin's The Awakening - Essay Example In the end, despite her developments into selfhood, the only escape from her biological destiny as a woman in society, possessed, sexual, and ruled, is death. Local Color writers were an offshoot of the Realistic movement. They sought to preserve a distinct way of life threatened by industrialization, immigration, the after effects of the War, and the changes in society. Their writing concentrated upon rendering a convincing portrait of a particular region and delving below the surface picture to reveal some universal aspect. What this novel wants to convey is that immigration is not as sweet as most people think. People are more interested and amazed on how well immigrating families are doing by the clothes they wear, the cars they drive, the way they speak fluent English and etc. Those are all superficial because behind the achievements are hardships of which not everyone has a clear understanding of. Difficulties are always abundant and it takes it toll on every member of the family. There is never a way in which immigration can always be smooth sailing. Immigrants tend to be victims of abuse by people around them who knows they are vulnerable. he relationship between men and women and the economic aspects that go along with that issue are also realistic. Edna is "owned" at various points in the novel by her father, husband, Arobin, and Robert.

PED 131 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PED 131 - Essay Example In the paper I got the second question wrong. The question was -When the command Cease Fire is given other than the range office. My answer to this was (b) Stop shooting immediately, lay the gun down on the bench and await further instructions. The reason I chose this answer was because when someone gives the command to cease fire it could be because there is some hazardous situation. Thus the best way to avoid any danger would be to stop firing and lay the gun down. But the correct answer is (d) since the correct thing to do would be to stop firing, point the gun in a safe direction and call or wait for the range officer to give further orders and if needed clarify as to why someone else gave the order. My answer to question 3 was because I felt that after notifying the range officer the best thing to do would be to open the action and remove the cartridge since in order to continue firing I would have to remove the faulty cartridge. But the correct answer to this is (d) since it is the range officer who is responsible to over see the removal of the cartridge. My answer to question 5 was (b) since in all the guns I have seen till date the safety switch has always been on the side and no where else.

Single Phase To Three Phase Converter Engineering Essay

Single Phase To Three Phase Converter Engineering Essay Several solutions have been proposed where the objective is to reduce harmonic distortions in a generating system. It is now the renewable power utilization that is growing more, thus a small scale Wind Energy Conversion System is concentrated which needs harmonic reduction. The wind energy unit that we are planning to install is single phase so we go for a single phase to three phase ac-dc-ac converter designing to reduce harmonics. Parallel converters have been used to improve the power capability, reliability, efficiency, and redundancy. Usually the operation of converters in parallel requires a transformer for isolation. Here a single-phase to three-phase drive system composed of two parallel single-phase rectifiers and a three-phase inverter is proposed. Compared to the conventional topology, the proposed system permits: to reduce the rectifier switch currents; the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the grid current with same switching frequency or the switching frequency with s ame THD of the grid current; and to increase the fault tolerance characteristics. Also the loss of the proposed system is lower. The aforementioned benefits justify the initial investment of the proposed system, due to the increase of number of switches. Index Terms- Converters, IGBT, MOSFET, Renewable Energy, Single Phase to Three Phase, Wind Energy. Introduction The paper deals with the enhancement of the usage of renewable energy and improvement of its utility. Wind energy is one of the most promising alternative energy technologies of the future. Throughout recent years, the amount of energy produced by wind-driven turbines has increased exponentially due to significant breakthroughs in turbine technologies, making wind power economically compatible with conventional sources of energy. One of the limitations of wind energy is Harmonic distortion that hinders the utility of the wind generation. Harmonics is referred as the disturbance or the deterioration of the purity of current or voltage after undergoing several changes or transformations. Since power quality is very important it is mandatory to discover methods to reduce harmonics and retain purity. As corrective action is always expensive and unpopular solution more thought and investment are devoted at the design stage on the basis that prevention is better than cure. The sources of harmonics can be divided into 3 categories: Large numbers of distributed non-linear components of small rating. Large and continuously randomly varying non-linear loads. Large static power converters and transmission system level power electronics devices. Harmonics Reduction Technique In general there are many techniques to reduce harmonics like usage of harmonic filters [13] PWM technique [4], [5], [13] Filter is a device that is designed to suppress harmonic current and voltages from being injected into the power system since these causes damaging effects to the devices being used in the system. The harmful and damaging effects of harmonic distortion can be avoided by the usage of filters. There can be two types of filters that are used in order to reduce the harmonics distortion i.e. the active filters and the passive filters. Active harmonic filters are electronic devices that eliminate the undesirable harmonics on the network by inserting negative harmonics into the network. The active filters are normally available for low voltage networks. In order to control power and reactive power, it is essential to control the magnitude and phase angle of the injected voltage by the converter [1], [4], [5], [7]. At the same time, it is desirable to regulate the DC bus voltage. Another requirement is to minimize the injection of the lower order harmonics by the converter. The pulse width modulation (PWM) is utilized to achieve the following objectives: To control the output AC voltage for a constant DC voltage. To minimize the harmonics subject to the constraints on the switching losses, generation of noise etc. Circuit Design The project deals with a converter design as an attempt to reduce harmonic distortions in wind energy conversion system. We design a converter circuit for a single phase three phase conversion with two single phase rectifiers connected in parallel and a three phase inverter. The experiment is simulated using MATLAB Simulink software and the results are compared for the effectiveness of the converter circuit [9]. Also the selection of switch for the converter is very essential thus we compare two different switches- MOSFET and IGBT and analyze its characteristics for the suitability and effectiveness. Process of Switch Selection The below table shows the comparison of different parameters considered in the course of selection of switch for the converter thereby helping us to justify our selection. The Table below shows the comparison between different possible switches that are used in converters. We can see the characteristics and parameters based on which the switches are selected. TABLE I. SELECTION OF SWITCH FOR THE CONVERTER CIRCUIT Device Comparison area diode rectifier Thyristor [SCR] GTO IGBT MOSFET Inverter switch X X AC-DC conversion X X X X X Inverter types Current source X X Voltage source X X X Efficiency High High Low High High Gate control signal NA current current voltage voltage Gate current NA < 2 Amps 400-1000 Amps 0.1 Amps < 0.01 Amp Voltage rating High High High To 1200 Volts 4000 volts Current rating 6000 Amps 5500 Amps 1000 Amps 1000 Amps 600 Amps Switching losses NA Medium High Low Low Switching speed NA Low Low Very high Very High From the comparison it is evident that MOSFET, IGBT are the two most suitable switches for the Inverter section of converter as MOSFET and IGBT showed good efficiency, voltage and current ratings. Also the switching speed and switching losses are satisfactory. And it doesnt need a special switching angle control mechanism. Thus the MOSFET, IGBT rectifier/inverter system is the proposed converter for the small scale wind energy conversion system. Also comparison between MSOFET and IGBT operation in Single phase Three phase conversion as well as Three phase Three phase conversion is done. Technology used for switching The maximum achievable efficiency of any practical system is 0.93. However due to design considerations and operational constraints, the percentage drastically reduces to a maximum of 0.5, in the case of a wind energy system. The aim of this project is to improve the normal operating mean efficiency of 0.29. Various techniques have been instrumental in reducing the overall losses in the system, and also particular interest is streamlined in the domain of reduction of harmonics in the system. A lot of techniques by which, losses, and particularly, harmonics can be reduced have been figured out by analyzing various IEEE projects. Apart from circuit element modifications, design modifications have also been analyzed. The Circuit Design Here as per the circuit diagram we can see 14 switches totally i.e. 4 for each single phase rectifiers and 6 for the three phase inverter. Now when the single phase supply is given to the system the rectifiers convert the AC single phase supply to DC supply then it is fed to the inverter for further conversion into a three phase AC supply. Here as we can see the rectifiers are connected in parallel to each other, as we know the working of the rectifier. The converter can either use MOSFET as a switch or IGBT as a switch. FIGURE 1. CIRCUIT DESING FOR SINGLE PHASE_ THREE PHSE CONVERTER Here as per the circuit diagram we can see 14 switches totally i.e. 4 for each single phase rectifiers and 6 for the three phase inverter. Now when the single phase supply is given to the system the rectifiers convert the AC single phase supply to DC supply then it is fed to the inverter for further conversion into a three phase AC supply. Here as we can see the rectifiers are connected in parallel to each other, as we know the working of the rectifier. The converter can either use MOSFET as a switch or IGBT as a switch. Rectifier is a device that converts AC to DC signal. In a single phase controlled rectifier there are 4 switching devices two in each leg. Two switches at a time namely alternate switches of the legs are on at a time. Thereby converting the AC signal into DC signal. Then it is fed to the inverter which has 6 switching devices two per leg, thus a 3 phase inverter has 3 legs with 2 switches per leg. The working mechanism is almost similar to the rectifiers. Simulation using MATLAB/Simulink MOSFET Based Converter Simulation The MATLAB simulation model clearly depicts the no of switches used, also the parameters involved in the analysis of the circuit. Simulation results help us clearly conclude the difference in the performance based analysis of MOSFET and IGBT converters. C:Documents and SettingsBIRDDesktopchithra simulationmosfet singlemosfet single.bmp FIGURE.2 MOSFET based Single phase three phase converter using MATLAB Simulation MATLABÂ  is a high-level language and interactive environment for numerical computation, visualization, and programming. Using MATLAB, you can analyze data, develop algorithms, and create models and applications. The language, tools, and built-in math functions enable you to explore multiple approaches and reach a solution faster than with spreadsheets or traditional programming languages, such as C/C++ or Java. Here we simulated converter circuit with MOSFET switches and IGBT switches and compared the difference in the capacity of reducing harmonics. FIGURE.3 RECTIFIER OUTPUT FOR MOSFET BASED SINGLE PHASE THREE PHASE CONVERTER USING MATLAB SIMULATION. This graph represents the rectifier output. The voltage amplitude is 310V i.e. the harmonics in the voltage causes spikes which reaches this value, where as the original voltage is around 230V. The graph is plotted for a time period of 20 milliseconds. The positive half wave is rectified better than the negative half wave. We can clearly see the spike occurrence in the positive half wave due to harmonics. . FIGURE. 4 FINAL OUTPUT OF THE MOSFET BASED CONVERTER SYSTEM USING MATLAB SIMULATION The output is around 220V with reduced harmonics. The inverter output by itself has reduced harmonics distortion found in the rectifier output. The spikes that were found in the rectifier are not present in the inverter output waveform. From this its evident that the single phase to three phase voltage converter design helps in reducing the harmonics. The MOSFET switch used is a voltage controlled device and has a high switching frequency that enhances the rectification as well as inversion of the generated voltage. The single phase to three phase configuration is helpful in reducing the harmonics is hence proved from the graphs above. IGBT Based Converter Simulation C:Documents and SettingsBIRDDesktopchithra simulationigbt singleigbt single.bmp FIGURE 5: MATLAB SIMULATION DIAGRAM FOR IGBT BASED SINGLE PHASE-THREE PHASE CONVERTER The simulation model diagram for the IGBT single phase to three phase converter is given above. We can see that the topology is similar to that of the MOSFET based converter except for that the IGBT block contains a diode connected parallel to it. C:Documents and SettingsBIRDLocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.Word230r1.bmp FIGURE.6 RECTIFIER OUTPUT WAVEFORM OF IGBT BASED SINGLE PHASE THREE PHASE CONVERTER WITH 220V SUPPLY This graph is the rectifier output for a 220V input supply. In this graph the magnitude of output is around 220V which means the input is completely rectified. The occurrence of spike is at the junction of two half waves. Thus the completeness of the half waves is affected by the harmonic distortions in the case of IGBT based converter. C:Documents and SettingsBIRDLocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.Word220op.bmp FIGURE.VII FINAL OUTPUT WAVEFORM OF THE SYSTEM WITH 220V SUPPLY The output graph shows the reduction in harmonics to some extent the magnitude of harmonics is reduced and is evident in the output graph. ANALYSIS OF HAMONIC REDUCTION WITH VARIATION OF INPUT INDUCTANCE Initially we analyzed the system effectiveness for various input voltages like 230V, 220V, 200V etc., where we found a prominent result only for 220V input supply. Now that changing in voltage is not producing enough difference thus we try to change the input inductance and realize the effectiveness of the MOSFET and IGBT based conversion systems. FIGURE. 8 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF VARIATION OF HARMONICS WITH VARIATION OF INDUCTANCE IN A MOSFET BASED SINGLE PHASE THREE PHASE CONVERTER In the single phase to three phase conversion topology of converter using MOSFET, the inductors L2 and L4 (corresponding to the negative cycle of supply) are varied from 0.1 mH to 0.4 mH under a varying operating voltages between 220 V and 230 V. The results that are thus obtained are represented in the graph. For operating voltage 220 V, the output voltage peak varies between 214.4 V and 206.1 V corresponding to the change in input inductance values between 0.1 mH and 0.4 mH. Similarly, for operating voltage 230 V, the variation in peak voltage is between 224.2 V and 215.4 V for the same change in input inductance. FIGURE.9 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF VARIATION OF HARMONICS WITH INDUCTANCE IN AN IGBT BASED SINGLE PHASE THREE PHASE CONVERTER. In the single phase to three phase conversion topology of converter using IGBT, the inductors L2 and L4 (corresponding to the negative cycle of supply) are varied from 0.1 mH to 0.2 mH under a varying operating voltages between 220 V and 230 V. The results that are thus obtained are represented in the graph. For operating voltage 220 V, the output voltage peak varies between 219.4 V and 216.5 V corresponding to the change in input inductance values between 0.1 mH and 0.2 mH. Similarly, for operating voltage 230 V, the variation in peak voltage is between 229.8 V and 226.3 V for the same change in input inductance. In the above graphs we see the variation of harmonics with the variation of input inductance thus choosing the input inductance wisely can affect the harmonics reduction process. CONCLUSION As per the above result and discussion we saw the variation of harmonics with variation of voltage magnitude and input inductance accordingly, with the result we observe that single phase three phase MOSFET based converter reduces spikes to a great extent without any loss in the voltage magnitude when the input inductance is of 0.1mH each. But when the inductance is changed to L1, L3= 0.1mH and L2, L4=0.4mH the output consists of negative peaks without loss in voltage magnitude. Coming to IGBT based converter, the single phase three phase converter has low harmonics in the rectifier as well as the inverter outputs when the inductance in L1, L3=0.1mH and L2, L4=0.2mH.when the inductance is changed to 0.1mH all the rectifier output has little heavy spike at the junction of the half waves which are reduced without voltage loss.

The Rise Of Christianity Essay -- Religion Christian Christianity

The rise of Christianity in philosophy One influential cult was based upon a mystical interpretation of Plato. Neo-Platonism was like a rational science that attempted to break down and describe every aspect of the divine essence and its relationship with the human soul. An Alexandrian Jew named Philo tried using Greek philosophy to interpret the Jewish scriptures. He wanted to unite the two traditions by suggesting that the Greek philosophers had been inspired by the same God who had revealed himself to the Jews. But only Christianity had the right combination of ingredients to appeal to both the masses and also eventually the ruling elite. Based on ancient scriptures, with a solid creation myth, its own collection of inspired writings, a convincing story about the appearance of God as a man (e.g. Jesus), a morality based upon personal maturity rather than harsh punishment, role models for both men and women, and a good organizational structure. Christianity was destined to grow to become the dominant religion. Greek philosophy was eventually extinguished by the hostility of Christianity towards other beliefs. Many of the followers of Greek philosophy were forced to move to Syria and other eastern countries to escape persecution by the Christian authorities. Many of the books they carried with them were translated into other languages. It would not be until the crusades, almost one thousand years later that Greek philosophy would be rediscovered by the Greek and Roman worlds. An early Church father, Augustine knew that Christianity was not compatible with science. For Christians, there was no need for new discoveries. Everything that mankind would ever need to know about God, nature, or humanity was to be found in the... ...d 330 BC. The teachings and beliefs of both the Greeks and the Romans posed a threat the Judaism belief system. All of Jesus' teachings were based solely on the Law. During the time of the Roman occupation, the Christian movement found it's way back into Rome and Greece, primarily through Saul of Tarsus (who re-named himself Paul the Apostle). Saul was a Jewish Pharisee who was converted to Christianity by a vision from God. The Chrisitan philosophy was summarized by Jesus himself when He said "You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind." and "You shall love your neighbour as yourself." (Matt. 22:37, 39) Sources Cited http://www.evolutionary-metaphysics.net/ancient_greek_philosophy.html http://www.faqfarm.com/Q/What_principle_Christianized_philosophical_issues http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/B078

The Impacts of Dams on the Hydrologic Regime

The earliest remains of dams that archaeologists have unearthed date back to around 5000 A.D.They were constructed as part of a domestic water supply system for the ancient town of Jawa in Jordan. Over the next few millennia, the building of dams for water retention spread throughout the Mediterranean, the Middle East, Southern Asia, China, and Central America. Later, as technologies increased and industrialization took hold in Europe, dam mechanisms advanced to incorporate watermills. With the advent of the water turbine in 1832 and developments in electrical engineering, the first hydropower plant began running in Wisconsin in 1882 (IRN n. pag.). Over the next few decades, while structural engineering techniques improved, dams multiplied in size, strength, and numbers worldwide. Today, although the construction of new dams is halting ( albeit with less vigor in underdeveloped countries) (de Villiers 146; Pielou 206), they are still being built around the globe for a multitude of social and economical reasons: flood control, hydroelectric power production, river navigation, irrigation, human consumption, industrial use, emergency water reservation, tourism, and flat-water recreation (e.g., NPDP n. pag.; Trout Unlimited 11). For all the benefits that dams provide, however, there are adverse effects and concerns that arise from manipulating the environment in such an unnatural manner. Impacts of Dams on the Hydrologic Regime Dams are ultimately created as a water reservoir. This impounding of water impedes the circulation of a river and subsequently changes the hydrology and ecology of the river system and its contiguous environments. Behind a dam, the rise in water level submerges the landscape; often displacing people and engorging culturally valuable ruins. Furthermore, biodiversity of the region is constrained by the destruction of vegetation and loss or extinction of wildlife (Power et al. 887-895). In essence, both the aquatic and land-based ecosystems are damaged by the advent of a dam (Pielou 209). Upstream of the barricade, the once flowing water that housed the riverine habitat becomes still, oxygen depleted, deepens into darkness, temperature stratified, and susceptible to enhanced evaporation which adjusts the entire hydrologic cycle (e.g., Pielou 207, 210; Ocean Planet n. pag.; Leopold 157). Moreover, drowned vegetation in the stagnant water is subject to rotting and may thereby pollute the atmosphere and reservoir with methane and carbon dioxide (Leopold 158; Pielou 208). Another change in the water chemistry that alters many river-based systems is the inclusion of heavy metals (and minerals) such as methyl mercury due to reactions between the reservoir bed and the standing water (Pielou 114, 207). If undetected, these toxins may bioaccumulate by moving through the trophic levels of the food web, eventually reaching humans. Aside from the changes in the chemical constituencies of the water, a dam will also physically augment the river by modifying the shape of the channel. This is primarily due to the retention of sediments behind the dam wall. Water that was once entrained with silts has the increased erosive power to degrade the riverbanks downstream while upstream, the deposition process is shallowing and narrowing the river reaches (e.g., Moffat 1116; Pielou 210). These alterations in channel shape can also shift the elevation of the groundwater table and can amplify the severity of the floods that the dams may have been built to prevent (de Villiers 155-56; PCFFA n. pag.). The silting process, though, can have other effects on riverine environments. With the deprivation of sediments, valuable nutrients are withheld from the floodplains and the delta of the river. Ultimately, agricultural land suffers from fertility loss and coastlines recede (e.g., DRIIA n. pag.; Pielou 212). In addition to the above noted deterioration of wetland environs, major fish spawning and nursing grounds are harmed by the lack of continual silt and gravel replenishment (e.g., Chambers n. pag.). Fish species, nevertheless, are not simply affected by the decreased deposition that occurs below a dam. These, and other aquatic based biota adapted to the natural pulsations of seasonal flooding, can be strained by the regulation of stream flow afforded by a dam (Pielou 145; Leopold 156). Furthermore, moderating the flow may actually retard the entire regime of the river by delaying spring break-up (Pielou 212). Apart from the precipitous effects on the hydrologic cycle and river-based ecosystems thus far noted, there are an extensive number of further reasons to remove a dam. Briefly, a few of these are (Ocean Planet n. pag.; Pielou 208-09; Trout Unlimited 17; Leopold 156): Æ’x the restoration of anadromous fish migration and subsequent reliant fisheries Æ’x ameliorate conditions associated with damming which promote epidemics such as bilharzia and milaria Æ’x damming has accelerated the rate of earth ¡s rotation, displaced the axis of the earth, changed the shape of earth ¡s magnetic field, increased the occurrence of seismic events, and influenced sea level changes Æ’x dam removal has been shown to improve recreation, tourism, and aesthetics to the associated riverside communities Æ’x amend the river and groundwater quality Yet for all of the reasons that a dam may be removed, it is often economic and, in part, safety purposes that prompts the decommissioning of a dam. Whether the reservoir has filled with silt, wear-and-tear has taken its toll, or the dam has become obsolete, the benefit of removal may outweigh the cost of maintaining dam operation (PCFFA n. pag.). Consequences Associated with Dam Removal: A Case Study of the Elwha River Early in the 20th century, two hydroelectric dams were built on the Elwha River within the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State. The Elwha Dam, the first to be constructed (1910), created the Lake Aldwell reservoir 4.9 miles from the mouth of the Elwha river [fig. 1]. Respectively, 8.5 miles upstream, Lake Mills is contained by the Glines Canyon Dam (1926). Despite their continued success as a viable resource for Bonneville Power Administration (Meyer n. pag.), the existence and utilization of the Elwha and Glines Canyon dams causes detrimental besetment for the ecosystem and native anadromous fish populations of the Elwha River basin (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1995, n. pag.). Thus, per restitution stipulations, the 1992 Elwha River Ecosystem and Fisheries Restoration Act (the Elwha Act) authorized the Secretary of the Interior to appropriate the two dams (e.g., Winter n. pag.). Measures to remove the dams will be undertaken as sanctioned from the Environmental Impact Assessment ( EIS) that followed in 1995. Fig. 1. Map of the Elwha River, Clallam County, Olympic Peninsula, Washington. (Olympic National Park n. pag.) In an effort to remove the dams in a  ¡Ã‚ §safe, environmentally sound and cost effective manner ¡ (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Apr. 1996, n. pag.), various procedural alternatives are being considered prior to the implementation of the scheduled 2004 deconstruction. Under the River Erosion alternative, which is the proposed action, the Elwha and Glines Canyon dams would be incrementally removed in succession over a two year period with the controlled regulation of natural sediment erosion (e.g., U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Aug. 1996, n. pag.). A dredge and slurry system, a further method of sediment disposal, is an action alternative that has also been analyzed by the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) Team (e.g., U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Apr. 1996, n. pag.). Between the inauguration of the Elwha River dams and 1994, it is estimated that 17.7 million cubic yards of sediments has become trapped in the Lake Aldwell and Lake Mills reservoirs (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Aug. 1996, n. pag.). Of that total deposition, some 4.8 to 5.6 million cubic yards of fine-grained alluvium (silts and clays less than 0.075 m in diameter) and 1.2 to 2.6 million cubic yards of coarse grained sediments (sands, gravels, and cobbles greater than 0.075 mm in diameter) will be reintroduced into the Elwha River system through the proposed action (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Apr. 1996, n. pag.; U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Aug. 1996, n. pag.). In comparison, approximately 6.9 million cubic yards of the fine-grained sediments stand to be directly pumped via a pipeline into the Strait of Juan de Fuca if the dredge and Slurry alternative is undertaken (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Aug. 1996, n. pag.). Incremental removal of the dams will be the primary regulation on the rate of sediment withdrawal and will partially effect the resulting term of biological and physical impacts felt on downstream reaches of the Elwha River (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Aug. 1996, n. pag.). An increase of alluvium transport will renew the natural sediment distribution and hydrological flow patterns to their pre-dam character while new channels and wetland habitats will be created in the freshly drained areas (Foster Wheeler 17). Aggradation of stream load materials will be most prominent in the low-lying and less circulating shoals, including a revitalization of the Ediz Hook [fig. 1] and estuarine beaches (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Aug. 1996, n. pag.). In response to these raised river beds, water elevations are expected to rise, thereby threatening the resources that fall within the 100-year floodplain (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Apr. 1996, n. pag.). Surface water quality is likely to be hampered for two to six years after dam abstraction as turbidity, suspended sediments and dissolved solids flow through the system. Furthermore, water temperatures, dissolved oxygen concentrations, and pH levels will be affected for the interim of dam removal (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Apr. 1996, n. pag.). Turbidity, in turn, will be the chief cause of groundwater contamination by infiltration into underlying foundations or well and septic systems (removal (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Apr. 1996, n. pag.). The implementation of either the Proposed Action or Dredge and Slurry alternatives will also impact the native anadromous (indigenious?) and resident populations on the Elwha River. The high sediment regimes, especially those of the River Erosion Alternative (the proposed action), will encumber the migrating fish over the deconstruction process. However in the long term, runs will improve with the staged delayed of dam destruction, fisheries management (including the supplementation fish stocks through hatchery intervention), unrestricted passage up the full stretch of the Elwha River, and the formation of quality spawning grounds and rearing habitats from the released sediments (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Aug. 1996, n. pag.). (steph, this last paragraph seems akward) Moreover, apart from the obvious economic profits of salmon run restoration, the heightened decomposition of dead fish after spawning will significantly enrich nutrients cycling through the riparian area (Munn et al. n. pag.). Magnified numbers of anadromous fish will, too, eventually increase the biotic diversity down the length of the Elwha Basin. In the future wildlife will be drawn to the decaying remains of dead fish and their young even though the immediate disturbances during the removal period may ward off certain animals (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Apr. 1996, n. pag.). Vegetation and marine organisms will benefit from the circulation of organic remains; those primarily adapted to sandy substrates will flourish after the initial strain of post-dam sediment conditions (Winter, 2000, n. pag.; U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Aug. 1996, n. pag.). Prospective temporary consequences to the environment will also include air, traffic, and noise pollution in conjunction with dam destruction and debris conveyance (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Apr. 1996, n. pag.). This Elwha River case study exemplifies the foremost probable impacts on the hydrologic cycle and the environmental ecosystems which it encompasses. Successful removal of a dam can, in the end, rehabilitate a region to its natural state. Recovery, however, is not without adverse consequences to the existing regimes and full restoration may take many years.

To Kill a Mockingbird Quote Analysis

Reading Log: To Kill a Mockingbird, Chapters 5-7 â€Å"Then I saw the shadow†¦the shadow of a man with a hat on†¦the shadow, crisp and toast moved across the porch towards Jem.. When it crossed Jem†¦ he went rigid. † (53) The context of this quote is during their sneaky trip to Boo Radley’s house. This was the last day Dill was going to stay in Maycomb for this year, so they decided to take a quick peek at Radley Place by creeping around the house and looking through the side windows. As they are take a quick peek, the see the shadow of what they think is Boo with a hat on. They go numb with fear, and run for it.As they are leaving the area from under a fence, they hear a shotgun go off from Radley Place. The quote of narration from Scout accurately describes the kind of fear that the neighborhood legends give to the kids. The description, â€Å" He (Jem) put his arms over his head and went rigid† (53), shows how bloated up of a character Boo Radle y is. They do not even know if this shadow is Boo, however they are frozen with fear. However, after this event occurs, the little gifts that begin to appear in the tree leads the reader to make an educated guess that it is Boo Radley who is constantly giving these gifts.Since they used deductive reasoning to believe that it couldn’t have been Miss Maudie or any other person in Maycomb, they only other person in their neighborhood that came to mind was Boo Radley. Also, to enforce their conclusion that it was Boo Radley who was giving the gifts was when Nathan Radley cemented the hole in the tree. The series of gifts ending up in the tree molded Boo’s character into a more human-like personality. Miss. Maudie also told Scout that Boo used to be a nice boy who only became supposedly â€Å"insane† because of his family.She stated that Boo’s family was extremely religious and drove Boo insane when his father was constantly obsessed with â€Å"sin†. Sc out now has more sympathy for Boo, who is now a poor man who was abused as child, rather than a freak of nature who eats squirrels. Boo symbolizes the growth of Scout more mature perspective of the world. The quote represents Scouts (as well as Jem’s and Dill’s) childish mentality, and sets the framework for Scouts growth of maturity. I have a story that is eerily similar to this one. Several blocks down, we had a lady who never came out of the house.The legend in our townhome complex was that two of the kids only saw her face once, and she yelled at them the moment she saw them. She also supposedly looked like a witch, which was definitely a credible description for us 8 year-olds. Soon enough, we set out to see her face once more. The whole pack of us, about 6 people, stood in front of her house while one of us rang the doorbell several times consecutively to bait her out of her house. As we starting sprinting for our lives, we heard the loudest yelling we had ever h eard.Our fear of her had spiked up exponentially. But obviously, we needed to this again tomorrow. Same plan, same time, and we went underway. However, this time, we decided to hide behind some bushes adjacent to her house. Fifteen seconds later, she came out in a wheelchair with an oxygen tank beneath her. Our fear had turned to shame and sympathy immediately. The lie of her looking like a witch represents the legends of Boo having fangs and eating cats, and the sympathy we had for this lady in her wheelchair represents Boo having an abusive family as a child.

How to Choose the Best ACT Test Locations

How to Choose the Best ACT Test Locations SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips We all want to max out brainpower on the day of the ACT. But what can help, besides studying? One factor worth considering is where you take the test. You want a place that allows you to focus completely on the test without other anxieties, concerns or discomfort. And guess where a lot of test-day anxieties, concerns and discomfort can come from? That's right, they can be direct results of choosing a distracting or inconvenient testing center. In this article, we give you all the information you need to make the right decision about which of all ACT test centers to choose In this article, we’ll cover how you find the ACT locations administering the test. Then, we’ll discuss the important factors you need to consider to choosing your test location. Finally, we’ll give you a few tips and reminders you might not have known about test centers. How Do I Find Which Locations Are Near Me? There are two ways to find test locations. 1) Use the ACT'sSearch Toolto Find a Test Center Near You I recommend that on this form you search by state, and not by city. If you enter the city, you’ll only receive schools for that exact city, not neighboring areas. You’ll see a list of cities and center names. When you click on the addition sign, you'll see the center code and the dates the ACT is offered at that center. Not all centers have all test dates, so make sure you plan ahead! 2) Start Registering for the Test You don't need to go through with the whole registration, and they won't charge you for it. You’ll need to log into your ACT account, and then click the link to register for the test. This will take you through many questionnaires. Finally, when you get to Test Date, choose your intended test date. Go through a few more pages, and you’ll get to the Test Center. On this page, you’ll be able to enter a Zip Code, and the ACT will conveniently show all ACT testing centers within 25 miles. It’s unclear why they don’t make the zip code search available publicly without registering for the test. Which ACT Test Location Should I Choose? Your best choice of ACT test locations depends on a number of factors. In order of importance: How long does it take to get there? How familiar are you with the location and layout? Will you know a lot of people at that location? How will that affect you? Are there known aspects about the location that make it problematic? Let’s cover each in order. How Long Does It Take to Get There? Timing is the primary concern when choosing the test location. Because the ACT requires that you arrive by 8AM sharp, you’ll need to wake up early to get to the test location. For example, if it takes you an hour to drive to the test location, you’ll likely need to wake up around 6AM to have enough time to get energized, eat breakfast, and arrive at the site with time to spare. Keep in mind that the longer you have to travel, the more variability there will be in your arrival time – a 10 minute drive might be delayed only by 5 minutes, but a 60 minute drive can be delayed by 30 minutes. Recommendation: generally try to choose locations that are closer to where you live. How Familiar Are You With the Location and Layout? Knowing exactly how to get to the ACT test center is an advantage. The morning of the test, you want as little distraction as possible when getting yourself in the mindset for acing the test. If you’re driving to an unknown location, you might run into unexpected traffic or construction, and you might confuse directions. This can cause anxiety that might not wear off until well into the test. Similarly, knowing the layout of the test center is helpful during bathroom breaks. Because breaks are tightly regulated in time, getting lost in the hallways of a school can be damaging to your concentration. Test centers at high schools typically use only a small portion of the school for testing, so it’s possible for you to lose your way if you’re unfamiliar with the location. Recommendation: Try to choose a location that you’re familiar with. If you must choose an unfamiliar location, try to scope it out beforehand, or budget extra time to get there and know the layout. Will You Know a Lot of People at That Location? How Will That Affect You? If you choose your local high school like most students, you’ll likely run into a lot of people you know. People respond very differently to this. To some, being around friends is helpful. It relieves the stress of the situation, and chatting casually during breaks might help them feel less nervous. To these people, going to an unfamiliar location with strangers causes additional stress. To others, the opposite is true - being around friends for the ACT is stressful. You might want as little distraction as possible, and talking to your friends might take your head out of the game. You want to concentrate silently during breaks, but you don’t want to give the impression that you’re rudely brushing off your friends. Plus, what if you take the test in the same room as your crush? It might be hard to take the test without sneaking glances at the person. Which group do you fit into? Each person is different, so act accordingly. Recommendation: If being around friends on test day is helpful, register at your high school. If it’s stressful, register elsewhere, keeping in mind the location and layout factors above. Are There Known Issues at the Location That Bother You? You’ll usually only know this ahead of time if you’re thinking about taking it at your high school. Here are things that you might worry about: Temperature control: do you know if the location can maintain a temperature that’s comfortable for you? Windows: do you tend to feel claustrophobic in this location, and might the presence of windows help? Testing environment: do you know if the location has noises, smells, or other factors that might be distracting? Do you tend to focus at school or drift off? Recommendation: Avoid testing centers with known problems that bother you. All these factors bring us to one important question that affect most students: Should You Take the ACT at Your High School? This is the default choice of most test takers, because it happens to be convenient. Some students don’t have this choice because their high school doesn’t offer the ACT – in this case, follow the guidelines above. But if you are able to take the ACT at your high school, don’t just assume this is the best option. You should NOT take the ACT at your high school if: There’s another testing location that is substantially closer to your home (saving more than 10 minutes of transit time) Testing around people you know stresses you out and can throw off your concentration You know there are problems at your school, like bad temperature control, uneven desks, or others. Other Tips and Facts Your test center may be changed before the test. If the ACT doesn’t have enough registered students at your chosen test center, they will reassign you to a different location you didn’t expect. Your test might even get rescheduled due to bad weather or other factors. If the location is unfamiliar, consider visiting it days before the test. You’ll practice getting to the location quickly, and you can take a brief look around so the environment is familiar the day of the test. If you have to choose a test center far away (30 minutes or more), here are some tips. Wake up earlier to give yourself buffer time in case problems happen. Prepare a breakfast to eat on the way, and notes to review on the way there. If music relaxes you, listen to it along the way. You can change your location, but it’ll cost you. If you make the change by the registration deadline, there’s a $23 fee. If you change it after your late registration deadline, your only option is to request standby testing, at which point you might as well take it at your original location. What's Next? Now that you know where to take the ACT, learn WHEN to take it. Find out the best ACT test dates and how you should schedule your tests. What's a good ACT score for you? Read this guide to figure out what score you need to aim for. Want to improve by 4 points or more on the ACT? Click below to get our free guide to 5 strategies you must remember to make big improvements on the ACT. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Laura Registrato About the Author Laura has over a decade of teaching experience at leading universities and scored a perfect score on the SAT. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Internal Pressure Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Internal Pressure - Lab Report Example We will do this by graphing experimental results versus theoretical calculations. We will take into account the error of the measuring system. We will also investigate the role gauge factor, Young's Modulus, and Poisson's ratio play in the effects on strain with pressure. Finally, we will project the outcome of the experiment on the cylinder as the pressure increases to some unknown large finite threshold. If one were to think of this as in a cylindrical coordinate system, the longitudinal strain would be that acting in the Z direction whereas the cirucumferential (otherwise known as the tangential or lateral) strain would be acting in the direction of theta and not radially. both ends eliminating any longitudinal stress or strain. Our case consists of the second case of a thin cylinder with closed ends. In a thin cylinder with closed ends, longitudinal stresses and strains exist, and both circumferential and longitudinal strains depend on both stresses respectively. The use of a hand pump allows one to make step measurements of strain at each increment of pressure provided by the hand pump. Each step measurement has a corresponding data point in the table of results. A bourdon gauge is used because it has a tube you can insert inside the cylinder that has the capacity to expand with increasing pressure. The gauge measures the change in its own resistance delta R, and this delta R measured is directly proportional to the respective strain as well as the original resistance R. The gauge factor is a constant of proportionality between the strain and R, and delta R. The gauge factor of 2.06 is a very typical value for gauge factors. Annealed aluminium is a somewhat ductile or soft metal. Using annealed aluminium is responsible for a somewhat low value of the Young's modulus. The Young's modulus of a substance is a measure of the stiffness of that material. The lower E is, the higher the strains will be. Therefore annealed aluminium results in larger strains making it easier to detect and record the measured strain. Once strain is determined its value can be

Site-directed mutagenesis of gene sequences in cells of plants, Essay

Site-directed mutagenesis of gene sequences in cells of plants, insects and animals can be achieved in situ used engineered zinc - Essay Example The ability to generate new DNA molecules and the process of inserting it into the genome to correct the diseases are the biomedical research nowadays. This type of modification of the cellular phenotype has become the back bone for the biomedical research. Knowing the position and the reading frame of the genes will help us to identify the nonsense mutants by the ochre suppressors. These non sense mutants are highlighted and this will help us for an efficient screening for silent mutants. The small oligonucleotides containing 7 nucleotides in length can be used to form stable duplexes with the single stranded DNA. (Jensen et al. 2011). These duplexes are stable even with a mismatch. This led to the introduction of oligonucleotide mutagenesis. The emergence of site directed mutagenesis as an analytical tool in the in the year 1985 was a mile stone in the field of molecular biology. (Herzog and Zolotukhin 2010). Site directed mutagenesis is widely used for the study of the protein fun ctions. The mutation at a defined site of the DNA leads to the change of an amino acid specific to a protein and this leads to the alteration of the protein molecules. Two methods of site directed mutagenesis can be used. The first one is overlapping method and the second one is called as whole round second round PCR. They create modified DNA sequences that are used to study the importance of the specific residues in protein structure and function. Protein engineering and altered protein substrate activity can be achieved using Site directed mutagenesis. PCR based Site directed mutagenesis is the most common method where the desired mutation is carried in one of the primer and annealed to the site of interest. Two cycles of PCR are carried out for insertion of mutation. (Lloyd 2005). Fig 1: Methods available to site specifically modify a genome target. (Herzog and Zolotukhin 2010). Zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) is a dimeric protein with each monomer having a zinc finger array (contains three or four zinc fingers). They are artificial restriction enzymes that have a lot of application in plants and animals. These zinc fingers (Cys 2 Hys 2) are arranged in the ? ? ? – fold ( beta- beta- alpha folding ) which is coordinated by the Zn+ ion and has the non specific cleavage site. (Gupta et al. 2011).These zinc finger arrays are bound to the cleavage site of the type II restriction endonuclease enzyme, Fok I. Fok l is responsible for the cleavage function of the Type II endonuclease. (Gupta et al. 2011).The dimerization of the cleavage domain is much essential for the enzyme activity. If the zinc finger array is engineered to bind to some specific site of the genome, then Fok l will perform the cutting action at that site. This double stranded break can be utilized for the site directed mutagenesis for protein engineering. This break is then repaired by using either homologous recombination (HR) or non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) technique. The HR requires ext ensive homology between the strands whereas NHEJ does not require any homology and the repair at the targeted site usually results in the mutation. (Herzog and Zolotukhin 2010). Because of this reason NHEJ is used in the site directed mutagenesis associated with the ZFNs. ZFN mediated gene modification will produce cell lines to contain biallelic knock outs. If ZFN targeted gene modificat